Socio-economic aspects of domestic groundwater consumption, vending and use in Kisumu, Kenya

Okotto, Lorna Grace; Okotto-Okotto, Joseph; Price, Heather; Pedley, Steve; Wright, James A.

doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.02.009

Cited by 44 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Though seldom separated out in the statistics, this water may be supplied through the networked system involving public standpipes, either with aquifers as the sole source or as part of a conjunctive system that also supplies surface water. Groundwater may also be accessed from the community, private vendors or NGO-run kiosks, or through self-supply from own or shared wells and boreholes (Chakava et al 2014;Grönwall et al 2010;Okotto et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-supply and accountability: to govern or not to govern groundwater for the (peri-) urban poor in Accra, Ghana

Grönwall

2016

Environ Earth Sci

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Poor urban dwellers tend to be disadvantaged in terms of public service delivery, often relying instead on groundwater through self-supply, but their specific needs and opportunities-and own level of responsibility-are seldom on the agenda. The Greater Accra Region of Ghana and the country as a whole serve to illustrate many interconnected aspects of urbanization, inadequate service provision, peri-urban dwellers' conditions, private actors' involvement and user preferences for packaged water. Based on interviews and a household survey covering 300 respondents, this case study aims to provide insights into the water-related practices and preferences of residents in the peri-urban, largely unplanned township of Dodowa on the Accra Plains in Ghana and to discuss implications of low accountability and a complex governance landscape on the understanding of reliance on groundwater. Self-sufficient from wells and boreholes until a distribution network expansion, Dodowa residents today take a "combinator approach" to access water from different sources. The findings suggest that piped water supplies just over half the population, while the District Assembly and individuals add ever-more groundwater abstraction points. Sachet water completes the picture of a low-income area that is comparatively well off in terms of water access. However, with parallel bodies tasked with water provisioning and governance, the reliance on wells and boreholes among poor (peri-) urban users has for long been lost in aggregate statistics, making those accountable unresponsive to strategic planning requirements for groundwater as a resource, and to those using it.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-supply and accountability: to govern or not to govern groundwater for the (peri-) urban poor in Accra, Ghana

Grönwall

2016

Environ Earth Sci

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“…These systems are common across mountain regions in the Andes, where sources are characterized by temporally and spatially heterogeneous water availability [20]. This Self-supply based on a single surface water source is different from that reported in studies from African contexts, where Self-supply is mainly dependent on multiple sources, commonly groundwater [2], [3], [6]- [12]. These Self-supply systems in Calabazas would be likely categorized as "unimproved sources" by WHO [13], [26].…”

Section: Access To Watermentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Studies assess potential for Self-supply or report results from piloting models [7]. Issues addressed include: technologies [2], [6], [8], [11]; water quality [2], [6], [8]- [11]; socio-economic profile of users; water use and handling practices [12]; enabling environment required for scaling up [2], [10], and performance and motivations for investment [2]. Pilots in African countries reported the reduction in health risks, high levels of cost covering by householders, and the transferability of improvements [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most research on Self-supply has been carried out in Africa: Niger, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Mali, Senegal [7]; Ethiopia [2], Madagascar [8], [9], Kenya [10], [12], Uganda [3], and Zambia [6]. Studies assess potential for Self-supply or report results from piloting models [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Self-supply exists in urban contexts [8]- [10], [12], [14], but it is more frequent in low density and scattered rural communities [6], in places where there is insufficient coverage or poor performance of communal systems [6], [7]. Due to these characteristics, Self-supply is increasingly considered a service delivery model complementary to community level provision [2], due to its potential to fill gaps left by other forms of water provision [8], particularly in areas where Isabel Domínguez, Wilmar Torres-López, Inés Restrepo-Tarquino, Charlotte Paterson, John Gowing water is distant, unreliable, and costly [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self-supply as an alternative approach to water access in rural scattered regions: evidence from a rural microcatchment in Colombia

Domínguez

Torres-López

Restrepo-Tarquino

et al. 2015

I&U

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<p>Globally, access to improved water sources is lower in rural areas compared to urban areas. Furthermore, in rural areas many people use water from individual systems they have developed with their investments, often without external support. This phenomenon has been called Self-supply. Self-supply ranges from simple to complex systems and different water sources. Water quality varies, from achieving World Health Organization (WHO) standards (0 CFU/100 ml) to systems that provide water posing high risks to human health. While most studies in Self-supply have been developed in Africa, little is known in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This research explores Self-supply in a rural microcatchment in Colombia (LAC). Data was collected through household and drinking water surveys and analysed. Results showed that 40% of households used Self-supply systems taking water from springs and brooks. Thermotolerant Coliforms were below 50 CFU/100 ml, both in dry and rainy season, and between 5 to 7% of samples achieved the WHO standard. These results suggest that Self-supply has potential to offer safe drinking water, provided improvements on source protection and institutional support. Therefore, Self-supply could contribute to address “unfinished business”, including ensuring access for the hardest-to-reach people, as stated in the post-2015 development agenda.</p>

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Socio‐environmental confounders of safe water interventions

Smiley

Stoler

2020

WIREs Water

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The international development community spends billions of dollars annually on safe drinking water projects globally in low-and middle-income settings. These projects are driven by the World Health Organization's Joint Monitoring Programme metrics that rely on indirect measurements of water insecurity via water source and fetching time, with tacit acknowledgment of price inelasticity. But the success of water interventions, as framed by these metrics, is often tempered by the reality that people do not always use the safest, nearest, or least expensive water source. Drinking water interventions are confounded by diverse social and environmental factors that shape household water seeking behaviors in unexpected or underappreciated ways. These caveats to human water-related behaviors are littered throughout the drinking water literatureoften as an anecdote to a given study's primary findings-and present significant barriers to providing universal safe water as outlined by Sustainable Development Goal 6. We review and categorize these socio-environmental confounders into six themes at multiple scales: social relations, water properties, intermittency, affordability, fetching practices, and physical and mental health. We illustrate how efforts to mitigate drinking water insecurity are complicated by the interaction of these social and physical processes. We highlight emerging metrics that enable a richer assessment of household water insecurity, and emphasize the importance of transdisciplinary approaches to improve the effectiveness of clean water interventions.

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Socio-economic aspects of domestic groundwater consumption, vending and use in Kisumu, Kenya

Cited by 44 publications

References 14 publications

Self-supply and accountability: to govern or not to govern groundwater for the (peri-) urban poor in Accra, Ghana

Self-supply and accountability: to govern or not to govern groundwater for the (peri-) urban poor in Accra, Ghana

Self-supply as an alternative approach to water access in rural scattered regions: evidence from a rural microcatchment in Colombia

Socio‐environmental confounders of safe water interventions

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