Socio-Hydrological Modelling to Assess Reliability of an Urban Water System under Formal-Informal Supply Dynamics

Bano, Rakhshinda; Khiadani, Mehdi; Burian, Steven J.

doi:10.3390/w12102795

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…However, the authors observed a wide variety of social variables that represent different interpretations of what it means for humans to be "endogenous" to a system. Studies varied from accounting for social components of the human-water system exclusively through agent-based modeling or GDP (Krahe et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2019) to conducting surveys with stakeholders (Bakarji et al, 2017;Bano et al, 2020). Even among studies that used similar components to represent humans in sociohydrology, models varied in how those components were measured.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Spatial-Temporal Scale Issues in Sociohydrology

et al. 2021

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Sociohydrology is a recent effort to integrate coupled human-water systems to understand the dynamics and co-evolution of the system in a holistic sense. However, due to the complexity and uncertainty involved in coupled human-water systems, the feedbacks and interactions are inherently difficult to model. Part of this complexity is due to the multi-scale nature across space and time at which different hydrologic and social processes occur and the varying scale at which data is available. This systematic review seeks to comprehensively collect those documents that conduct analysis within the sociohydrology framework to quantify the spatial-temporal scale(s) and the types of variables and datasets that were used. Overall, a majority of sociohydrology studies reviewed were primarily published in hydrological journals and contain more established hydrological, rather than social, models. The spatial extents varied by political and natural boundaries with the most common being cities and watersheds. Temporal extents also varied from event-based to millennial timescales where decadal and yearly were the most common. In addition to this, current limitations of sociohydrology research, notably the absence of an interdisciplinary unity, future directions, and implications for scholars doing sociohydrology are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Spatial-Temporal Scale Issues in Sociohydrology

et al. 2021

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“…However, the side effects that the informal system creates has aggravated the main problem, leading to low reliability, high cost to consumers and inaccessibility for lower income groups (Hassan 2018; World Bank 2014). As shown in R2.1, the higher expenditure associated with informal water demand at the household level lowers the ability of lower and medium income groups to pay water tariffs within the formal system (Bano et al 2020). While tariff rates in city areas are already low, lower recovery rates have discouraged policy initiative to revise tariffs for the system to generate su cient revenue (Bano et al 2020;Imad 2017).…”

Section: Shifting the Burden (On Informal System)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in R2.1, the higher expenditure associated with informal water demand at the household level lowers the ability of lower and medium income groups to pay water tariffs within the formal system (Bano et al 2020). While tariff rates in city areas are already low, lower recovery rates have discouraged policy initiative to revise tariffs for the system to generate su cient revenue (Bano et al 2020;Imad 2017). Thus, efforts to improve the nancial sustainability of the formal system, including tariff increases (B2.2), have received less attention, intensifying the need for growth of informal systems (as illustrated in Fig.…”

Section: Shifting the Burden (On Informal System)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, further feedback that may affect the growth of informal systems relates to a decline in the purchase power of consumers, coupled with increase in informal demand share in total household demand. This, in turn, can increase household total expenditure, especially impacting lower and middle income categories, whilst limiting their informal demand over time (B3.1) (Bano et al 2020).…”

Section: Limits To Growth/success (Informal Supply)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low tariff recovery, driven by a low willingness by consumer to pay, is one of the major factors leading to the inability of policy makers to set suitable tariff rates (Enouy et al 2015). On the one hand, the low willingness to pay can be mainly attributed to the poor performance of the formal system (Grupper et al 2021) and income (Bano et al 2020). On the other hand, consumers end up spending more on alternative options (Majuru et al 2016;Nganyanyuka et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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System archetypes underlying formal-informal urban water supply dynamics

Bano

Khiadani

Sebastian

2022

Preprint

Self Cite

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Contrary to developed countries, developing countries have been observed to have increased reliance on a diversity of water supply options to meet their daily demands. Formal supply systems are incapable of delivering the daily needs of consumers. Informal supply systems, though filling the demand-supply gap, are increasingly being associated with issues of long-term sustainability, higher consumer cost, and inequity. Emerging formal-informal dynamics in developing countries require a thorough understanding of complex interactions for policy direction, in order to best support the advancement of urban water sustainability. Accordingly, system archetypes offer a platform to explain the behaviors of complex systems. This paper reviews existing literature on formal-informal dynamics and identifies common system archetypes that define urban waterscapes in the developing world. In this way, Causal Loop Diagrams (CLDs) are used to present the relationships and identify common archetypes that define the complexity of urban water supply systems in Hyderabad, Pakistan. These archetypes include ‘fixes that fail’, ‘shifting the burden’, ‘limits to growth/success’ and ‘growth and underinvestment’. Further, leverage points for each archetype are identified and discussed for policy direction.

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System Archetypes Underlying Formal-Informal Urban Water Supply Dynamics

Bano

Khiadani

Nyam

2022

Water Resour Manage

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Contrary to developed countries, developing countries have been observed to have an increased reliance on a diversity of water supply options to meet their daily demands, where formal supply systems are incapable of fulfilling the daily needs of consumers. In filling a demand-supply gap, informal supply systems are increasingly being associated with issues of long-term sustainability, higher consumer cost, and inequity. Emerging formal-informal dynamics in developing countries require a thorough understanding of complex human-water interactions for policy direction, in order to best support the advancement of urban water sustainability. Accordingly, system archetypes offer a platform to explain the behaviors of complex systems. This paper identifies common system archetypes that define urban waterscapes in the developing world. In this way, Causal Loop Diagrams (CLDs) are used to present relationships and identify common archetypes that define the complexity of urban water supply systems in Hyderabad, Pakistan. These archetypes include ‘fixes that fail’, ‘shifting the burden’, ‘limits to growth/success’ and ‘growth and underinvestment’. These archetypes demonstrate that increases in formal infrastructure capacity and the number of informal suppliers to increase supply reliability are symptomatic solutions, restrained by financial and technical resources, and thus have unintended consequences. Further, a number of policy instruments are discussed as leverage points to achieve financial sustainability of formal systems. This paper emphasizes the need of a policy framework for informal supply system in national and regional water policies to ensure its service reliability as a short to medium term solution.

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Socio-Hydrological Modelling to Assess Reliability of an Urban Water System under Formal-Informal Supply Dynamics

Cited by 3 publications

References 29 publications

A Systematic Review of Spatial-Temporal Scale Issues in Sociohydrology

A Systematic Review of Spatial-Temporal Scale Issues in Sociohydrology

System archetypes underlying formal-informal urban water supply dynamics

System Archetypes Underlying Formal-Informal Urban Water Supply Dynamics

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