Socioeconomic Factors Associated With the Risk and Prevalence of Dental Caries and Dental Treatment Trends in Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) Data, 2016-2019

Abstract

Introduction In the United States of America, early childhood caries (ECC) is the most common chronic childhood disease of early onset, with dental caries being the most prevalent chronic disease among children aged 6-19 years. Children without an established medical home, from low-income households, and who are uninsured have historically shown to be prone to dental caries and attribute to higher health care costs. Early recognition of these risk factors by a pediatrician helps prevent the development of medical and psychosocial complications in the child. Methods The cross-sectional data of the prevalence of dental caries and dental treatment trends in children and three socioeconomic risk factors, namely establishment of a medical home, household income, and child’s health insurance, were accessed from the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) for the years 2016-2019. The association of the risk factors with the prevalence of dental caries and with the prevalence of dental treatment were analyzed using two-sample proportion tests and chi-square (χ 2 ) tests for dichotomous categorical variables and non-dichotomous categorical variables, respectively. Standardized residuals were calculated and analyzed as well. Furthermore, the odds ratios were calculated and utilized to quantify the influence of each category on the highly associated category with having teeth decay and not receiving dental treatment under each socioeconomic risk factor. Results The results of this study revealed that the three socioeconomic factors considered have statistically significant associations with tooth decay and dental treatment. The prevalence and associative risk of tooth decay and untreated caries were the highest in the children without a medical home. Additionally, the odds of having tooth decay was >50% higher for the children from the lowest household income category (0-99% federal poverty level [FPL]) compared to those from the high household income categories (200-399% FPL and >400% FPL). Public insurance coverage was associated with the highest prevalence of dental caries and not receiving fluoride treatment. Furthermore, the likelihood of not availing dental treatment is nearly two times or more higher for the uninsured children than children having public insurance, or private insurance, or a combination of both. Conclusion Our study findings reveal that children belonging to certain socioeconomic risk categories are at a higher risk of developing dental caries and not receiving dental treatment. As a consequence, the study implies that increased support and expansion of public health insurance will benefit oral health care for the children. Pediatricians play an integral part in developing a medical home for the child by providing preventative dental care and establishing continued care through dental referrals.

Prevalence of dental caries in the permanent dentition amongst 12-year-olds in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The impact of war could have also decreased access to essentials such as toothbrushes and toothpaste which could have been partly responsible for the caries scores. Although Vasireddy [ 18 ]. reported that poverty could have a negative impact on dental caries prevalence, the impact of famine and war could have easily been responsible for the high caries scores.…”

“…DC share risk factors associated with obesity [14,15]. Although aetiological factors have been described well in literature [16][17][18], there is still a very high prevalence rate across the globe. There are significant costs are associated with the management of DC and preventative measures, such as toothbrushing, are a much cheaper alternative [19].…”

Childhood caries and dental surgery under general anesthesia: an overview of a global disease and its impact on anesthesiology

“…Social determinants are influential upstream factors that influence population oral health. Children in the United States between 5 and 19 years of age who are in families with lower income are twice as likely to develop caries than children in families with higher income 17. A North American survey demonstrated an S-ECC prevalence of up to 25% in children 3 to 5 years old from indigenous communities.…”

“…Children in the United States between 5 and 19 years of age who are in families with lower income are twice as likely to develop caries than children in families with higher income. 17 A North American survey demonstrated an S-ECC prevalence of up to 25% in children 3 to 5 years old from indigenous communities. This data is inherently tied to the experience of indigenous children who suffer poverty rates at 2 to 3 times of the general population in the United States and Canada.…”

Fewer Children in Families Associated with Lower Odds of Early Childhood Caries: A Sample from Three Countries

“…Among children, dental caries is the most prevalent chronic condition, affecting 60-90% of children globally [11]. For children in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC), and low-income populations in high-income countries, the high prevalence of dental caries and limited access to dental care has left much tooth decay untreated [12][13][14]. Untreated caries can contribute to a poorer quality of life, malnutrition, daily performance, and difficulty sleeping and eating due to mouth pain [4,[15][16][17][18].…”