Socioeconomic Rights of Palestinian Refugees in Arab Countries

Khalil, Asem

doi:10.1093/ijrl/eer027

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Fourth, most Palestine refugees are denied access to government services, such as healthcare, education, and social benefits, and must rely on UNRWA, non-government organizations (NGOs), and the Palestinian Red Cross for these services (Suleiman, 2010). In recent years, these service providers have been underfunded, overcrowded, and underperforming (Khalil, 2011;Hanafi and Tiltnes, 2008); this lack of basic services adds to the refugees' hardships.…”

Section: Research Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Social adversity compounds these economic constraints (see Table 1). The Palestine refugees are looked down upon, institutionally discriminated against (Khalil, 2011;Halabi, 2004), and stigmatized by Lebanese citizens. For example, Atallah S., a freelance copywriter who lives in Beirut, described the social stigma these refugees face:…”

Section: Legal Constraints Creating Economic Adversity and Reinforcinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(UNHCR, 2011: 10; see also Hutchinson and Dorsett, 2012) 2 Indeed, refugees face considerable adversity that constrains their behaviors. First, refugees living in camps are exposed to overcrowding, extreme poverty (Khalil, 2011;Al-Khatib et al, 2005;Halabi, 2004), squalor and unhygienic living conditions (Cutler, 2016), low literacy rates (Khalil, 2011), and death resulting from war (e.g., 78% of residents of Lebanon's Shatila refugee camp have experienced a war-exposure event) (Segal et al, 2018). Second such adversity can lead some people to experience dysfunction, including emotional distress, PTSD, anxiety, and depression (Steel et al, 1999;Steel et al, 2002;Ssenyonga et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How to circumvent adversity? Refugee-entrepreneurs' resilience in the face of substantial and persistent adversity

Shepherd

Saade

Wincent

2020

Journal of Business Venturing

154

131

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People face adverse events in a variety of forms. Some individuals are resilient to adverse events in that they are able to maintain positive functioning while others experience considerable disruption. In explaining heterogeneity in resilience, research has emphasized people's resource endowments and pre-adversity organizing prior to the adverse events as well as people's cognitive and behavioral responses to such events. Therefore, for most resilience studies, adversity is an event. Although it is critically important to understand resilience to these short-to mediumterm adverse events, there is a need to understand resilience over an extended period. In this regard, we focus on Palestine refugees who were born in refugee camps and as adults have known nothing other than being a refugee. When it comes to substantial and persistent adversity, entrepreneurial action likely plays a central role in resilience to such adversity. To explore these relationships, we conducted an extensive data-collection effort over 15 months on refugee entrepreneurs (in refugee camps and not in camps), including 110 interviews. We find the importance of direct, indirect, and recursive relationships among actions (i.e., entrepreneurial action and integration activities), multiple identities, and resilience outcomes under conditions of substantial and persistent adversity. Furthermore, we find important differences between refugee entrepreneurs who live in refugee camps and those who live outside these camps-differences in affiliation, language use, and social capital development-which enable those refugee entrepreneurs living outside the refugee camps to achieve resilience outcomes not accessible to those living inside the camps. Overall, this study makes a number of contributions to the entrepreneurship literature. First, research has investigated resilience in terms of resources, endowments, and capabilities before an adverse event. The implicit assumptions in this research are that capabilities matter and that adversity has a beginning and subsides over time. In this study, we focus on resilience outcomes in the context of refugees facing substantial adversity over a substantial period and extend the capability argument of resilience in the following ways: (1) the "social" capability for resilience, not as an endowment but created through activities that build a social basis for resilience outcomes, (2) social integration activities are initiated and facilitated by engaging in entrepreneurial action with non-similar others, and (3) resilience outcomes help individuals both engage in integration activities and build a social capability of resilience. Therefore, in the context of substantial and persistent adversity, refugee entrepreneurs need to act in order to build (rather than simply deploy) their social capability for resilience outcomes. Second, resilience has been explored as either a process or as an outcome. In this study, we find that resilience outcomes are both a consequence and an antecedent of entrepreneurial action-a mu...

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Section: Research Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Legal Constraints Creating Economic Adversity and Reinforcinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

How to circumvent adversity? Refugee-entrepreneurs' resilience in the face of substantial and persistent adversity

Shepherd

Saade

Wincent

2020

Journal of Business Venturing

154

131

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“…120 Such discriminatory restrictions on entry and denials of refuge to Palestinians fleeing Syria are not specific to Jordan and extend to Lebanon and Egypt, forcing Palestinians from Syria to travel to Turkey or Europe; 121 these restrictions appear consistent with Resolution 5093 adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States, which authorizes host countries in the region to treat Palestinian refugees in accordance with their own domestic law. 122 Under increased pressure in all sectors (employment, education, health, housing, water and electricity supply), Lebanon and Jordan have also introduced general restrictions on entry into their territory since 2015. For instance, the Lebanese Government instated visa restrictions for Syrian nationals, coupled with tight time limits of stays ranging from 24 hours to one month.…”

Section: Jordan and Lebanon: Temporary 'Hosting'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporary Refuge From War: Customary International Law and the Syrian Conflict

Lambert¹

2017

ICLQ

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Abstract:The rule of temporary refuge forms the cornerstone of the response of states to large-scale influx of refugees. In the context of civilians fleeing armed conflict, this legal rule imposes a positive obligation on all states to admit and not to return anyone to a situation where there is a risk to life, and to provide basic rights commensurate with human dignity. Also implicit in the rule is the expectation of shared responsibility for large numbers of refugees and of international cooperation towards finding durable solutions. This article examines the customary international law of temporary refuge (also known as temporary protection) in relation to the Syrian conflict. It discusses implementation of the rule in the practice of three countries neighbouring Syria, and in the EU. It finds that the practice of Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan has been consistent with the rule of temporary refuge. However, the EU has decided not to use the Temporary Protection Directive; instead individual member states have relied on the Refugee Convention and EU law, combined with various other measures not pertinent to temporary protection. It is concluded that shared responsibility is the linchpin of temporary refuge. Absent this keystone, the rule of temporary refuge is likely to continue to be implemented primarily in a regional context by those countries nearest to the country affected by the conflict, as in the case of Syria.

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“…Palestinians who were displaced in 1967 had to face this same legal limbo (cf. Khalil, 2011). This legal practice contrasts with Israel's so-called Law of Return of 1950, which grants Israeli citizenship to any Jewish person who decides to settle in Israel.…”

Section: Controlling Access and Residencymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Legal Fragmentation of Palestine-Israel and European Union Policies Promoting the Rule of Law

Khalil¹,

Sarto²

2015

Fragmented Borders, Interdependence and External Relations

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Socioeconomic Rights of Palestinian Refugees in Arab Countries

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

How to circumvent adversity? Refugee-entrepreneurs' resilience in the face of substantial and persistent adversity

How to circumvent adversity? Refugee-entrepreneurs' resilience in the face of substantial and persistent adversity

Temporary Refuge From War: Customary International Law and the Syrian Conflict

The Legal Fragmentation of Palestine-Israel and European Union Policies Promoting the Rule of Law

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