“…In NS-NNS conversations, NSs may resort to 'foreigner talk' (Ferguson, 1975), a simplified form of speech they believe NNSs will be able to understand. The quantity and elaboration of foreigner talk varies according to the perceived linguistic level of the NNS, and Valdman (1981) correlated NS foreigner talk with the perceived lower status of the NNS. In addition to syntactic and lexical simplifications, NSs modify discourse features of their speech, including the functions and frequency of questions as comprehension checks and clarification requests, topic-initiating vs topic-continuing moves, repetition, expansion, and restate-ment (Long, 1983).…”