Sodium Alginate Microneedle Arrays Mediate the Transdermal Delivery of Bovine Serum Albumin

Abstract

BackgroundThe “poke and release” strategy for the delivery of macromolecules using polymeric microneedle (MN) is of great importance because it eliminates microneedle reuse, the risks of biohazardous sharps and cross contamination, and it requires no special disposal mechanism. The main objective of this study was the determination of the stability and delivery of bovine serum albumin (BSA) that was transported across human skin via sodium alginate (SA) microneedle arrays (MNs) and SA needle free patches using two different analytical methods.Methodology and FindingsThe capability of two analytical methods, the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), to precisely detect and quantify BSA within different types of polymeric MNs was assessed. The ex vivo protein release of BSA across dermatomed human abdominal skin from 10 w/w SA MNs was compared to that from needle-free patches using Franz diffusion cells. The developed applicator was mechanically characterized using a Texture Analyzer. The patch mold and its components were fabricated using a rapid prototyping machine.Conclusions/SignificanceThe BCA method was able to precisely detect BSA that had been loaded into SA MNs. However, the use of SDS-PAGE as the analytical method resulted in significantly different amounts of BSA recovered from differently conditioned polymeric MNs. The permeation of BSA across dermatomed human abdominal skin by SA MNs, which were composed of 100 pyramidal needles, increased by approximately 15.4 fold compared to the permeation obtained with SA needle-free patches. The ease of use of the applicator during the release studies was also demonstrated, as was its mechanical characterization.

Transdermal Protein Delivery Using Choline and Geranate (CAGE) Deep Eutectic Solvent

“…Demir et al used sodium alginate microneedles to deliver BSA across the skin and found a 15.4-fold improvement in permeation compared to needle free sodium alginate patches. [42] Chen et al reported that BSA loaded chitosan microneedle patches led to sustained release of BSA for 8 d while Lee et al and Sullivan et al demonstrated that microneedles that "dissolve" in the skin could be used for transdermal delivery of BSA and lysozyme. [43][44][45] Prausnitz et al encapsulated influenza vaccine in dissolving microneedle patches made from polyvinylpyrrolidone and found that the vaccine was not only stable long-term but also was effectively delivered across the skin.…”

Characterization of Polymeric Microneedle Arrays for Transdermal Drug Delivery

“…In this study, dissolvable sodium alginate (SA) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) (H and M grades), swellable physically cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and gelatin hydrogels, biodegradable chitosan and PLGA polymers were used to fabricate solid, out-of-plane, polymeric MNs from pyramidal male master templates of the following dimensions: 900-ìm height (700-ìm column height and 200-ìm pyramid tip height), 250-ìm needle base width, 500-ìm interneedle base spacing, and 100-ìm apex diameter [40], [41].…”

Novel Use of Pectin as a Microneedle Base

“…1h), where overall a spin-casting method was mainly used. 2,17,18) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of pectin MNs, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of pectin MNs, bovine serum albumin (BSA)/pectin MNs interaction studies with bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method, BSA/ pectin MNs were performed to the similar of our earlier publication. Fig.…”

“…4,5) Although the first silicon MNs were of being too brittle and possessing non-biocompatible nature, 6,7) intensive research since then has yielded many pharmaceutical, polymer-based MN systems as alternatives. 2,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Micro manufacturing techniques, 17,18) deduction of suitable polymers for MNs and optimization of the formulation parameters to produce MNs that possess characteristics like solubility, swelling, and biodegradability were previously published. 8) Polymeric MNs have great potential to start a million dollar market up by revolutionizing not only the drug delivery systems (conventional transdermal patches and hypodermic needles), but also drug monitoring devices (both bench top and portable systems).…”