Soft PVC foams: Study of the gelation, fusion, and foaming processes. I. Phthalate ester plasticizers

The aim of the present work is to provide information about the migration of phthalate and non‐phthalate plasticizers generally used in flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) applications. Plastisols (pastes) were prepared by mixing PVC, plasticizer, and thermal stabilizer. The plasticized PVC (p‐PVC) films are obtained by gelation at 160°C for 15 min. The p‐PVC films were heat treated at 50, 85, 100, 130, and 160°C up to 420 min to follow the mass loss to find out diffusivity of plasticizer out of films into air and to determine related activation energies. The films having di‐octyl terephthalate (DOTP) and di‐isononyl 1,2‐cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (DINCH) exhibited the lowest mass loss in general, among the phthalate and non‐phthalate plasticizer having p‐PVC films, respectively, as confirmed by FTIR investigation. The same tendency was observed for diffusion coefficients and for the activation energies of migration. The diffusion coefficients were found to be around 3.5 × 10−18–2.1 × 10−17 m2/sec for the studied plasticizers in PVC at 50°C and around 4.0 × 10−15–9.9 × 10−14 m2/sec at 160°C. The activation energies for 85–160°C interval were determined to be between 70 and 153 kJ/mol (0.72–1.58 eV) for the plasticizers used herein those could be treated as a homologous series as deduced from the related compensation factors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migration of phthalate and non‐phthalate plasticizers out of plasticized PVC films into air

Demir

Ulutan

2012

“…With further heating, the plasticizer can solvate (fuse) the crystalline sections of the polymer, some of which effectively cross‐link the resin, allowing polymer molecules originally found in different resin particles to interact. This paste can be converted into a flexible solid material by a curing process which involves heating the paste to a certain temperature for a given time . Vinyl plastisols are characterized by high wear and corrosion resistance, as well as excellent electric insulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This paste can be converted into a flexible solid material by a curing process which involves heating the paste to a certain temperature for a given time. 9 Vinyl plastisols are characterized by high wear and corrosion resistance, as well as excellent elec-tric insulation. By varying the plasticizer content, it is possible to tailor the final properties of the cured plastisols.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new biobased plasticizer for poly(vinyl chloride) based on epoxidized cottonseed oil

Carbonell‐Verdu

Sanoguera

Jordá‐Vilaplana

et al. 2016

The use of epoxidized cottonseed oil as plasticizer for poly(vinyl chloride) was studied. The plasticizer content was set to 70 phr and the optimum isothermal curing conditions were studied in the temperature range comprised between 160 and 220 8C with varying curing times in the 7.5-17.5 min range. The influence of the curing conditions on overall performance of cured plastisols was followed by the evolution of mechanical properties (tensile tests with measurements of tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus), change in color, surface changes of fractured samples by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal transitions by differential scanning calorimetry, and migration in n-hexane. The optimum mechanical features of cured plastisols are obtained for curing temperatures in the 190-220 8C range. For these curing conditions, fractography analysis by SEM gives evidences of full curing process as no PVC particles and free plasticizer can be found.

“…In 2008, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), DEHP and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) were listed within the 14 substances of very high concern (SVHC) by European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), as toxic for human fertility . Recently, many plasticizer producers promoted several alternatives in order to substitute DEHP due to the health effects as a shift from low to high molecular phthalates or even to other compound classes (adipates, succinates, glutarates, terephthalates, trimelliates, citrates) for the use in PVC applications . DEHP is mainly replaced with the other phthalates di‐isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) or di‐isononyl phthalate (DINP) for wire and cable applications .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DEHP is mainly replaced with the other phthalates di‐isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) or di‐isononyl phthalate (DINP) for wire and cable applications . Among the group of new general purpose plasticizers are terephthalates, especially dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP), and di‐isononyl 1,2‐cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (DINCH) . When plasticized PVC (p‐PVC) film is heated, plasticizer evaporates from the surface of the film and PVC degrades by the loss of hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas (dehydrochlorination) with the formation of conjugated double bonds in the first stage of thermal decomposition .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation kinetics ofPVCplasticized with different plasticizers under isothermal conditions

Demir

Ulutan

2014

The aim of the present work is to elucidate the degradation kinetics of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plasticized with some phthalate and nonphthalate plasticizers. A PVC thermomat instrument was utilized to maintain the isothermal degradation conditions at 140 and 160°C, and to suppress the oxidative degradation by means of nitrogen flow. The conductivity measurements were performed to follow hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas which is released upon PVC degradation and trapped in water. Dehydrochlorination of plasticized PVC films occurred with activation energies of about 23–160 and 26–117 kJ mol−1 and the isokinetic temperatures, at which the dehydrochlorination rate constants of all p‐PVC films would have the same value, were found to be 171 and 128°C for initial and linear regions of dehydrochlorination curve, respectively. Plasticizer incorporation contributes to the stability of the films particularly after the consumption of stabilizer due to the dehydrochlorination. Influence of temperature rise by 20°C on the degradation rate constant is the lowest for DINCH having p‐PVC films as 0.36 and 0.42% increment at the initial region and linear region, respectively. On the other hand, DOTP reveals greater stability than the others do since the compensation ratio of the PVC film having DOTP is greater than the other films. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41579.