Recent developments in experimental technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing have enabled the profiling a high-dimensional number of genome-wide features in individual cells, inspiring the formation of large-scale data generation projects quantifying unprecedented levels of biological variation at the single-cell level. The data generated in such projects exhibits unique characteristics, including increased sparsity and scale, in terms of both the number of features and the number of samples. Due to these unique characteristics, specialized statistical methods are required along with fast and efficient software implementations in order to successfully derive biological insights. Bioconductor -an open-source, open-development software project based on the R programming language -has pioneered the analysis of such high-throughput, high-dimensional biological data, leveraging a rich history of software and methods development that has spanned the era of sequencing. Featuring state-of-the-art computational methods, standardized data infrastructure, and interactive data visualization tools that are all easily accessible as software packages, Bioconductor has made it possible for a diverse audience to analyze data derived from cutting-edge single-cell assays. Here, we present an overview of single-cell RNA sequencing analysis for prospective users and contributors, highlighting the contributions towards this effort made by Bioconductor. Figure 1: 10 years of Bioconductor in the high-throughput sequencing era. Bioconductor software packages associated with the analysis of sequencing technology were tracked by the total number of packages (left) and the number of distinct IPs (data recorded monthly) visiting their online documentation (right) over the course of ten years. Software packages were uniquely defined by their primary sequencing technology association, with examples of specific terms used for annotation below in parentheses. * Co-second authors. These authors (VJC, LNC, LG, ATLL, FM, KR, DR, CS, LW) contributed equally and are listed alphabetically. † Co-senior authors. These authors (RG, SCH) contributed equally.sparsity, due to biological fluctuations in the measured traits or limited sensitivity in quantifying small numbers of molecules [17][18][19]. In addition, data derived from single-cell assays have revealed more heterogeneity than previously seen [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. This has led to the rapid development of statistical methods to address the increased sparsity and heterogeneity seen in this data [28][29][30][31]. The profound increase in the complexity of data measured at the single-cell level, along with the continued increases in the number of samples measured, have precipitated the need for fundamental changes in data access, management, and infrastructure to make data analyses scalable to empower scientific progress. Specifically, specialized statistical methods along with fast and memory-efficient software implementation are required to reap the full scientific potential of hig...