“…In the literature, reliability allocation has mainly concentrated on understanding performance factors of systems in design and development stages. There are various studies to optimize early-stage reliability allocation for software [3,22,25,34,35], network systems [4,21,23], and other mechanical or electromechanical complex systems [1,2,13,17,18,31,33]. In addition, more general methodologies have also been proposed to be applied in design and development of various systems.…”