Soil is the largest terrestrial carbon pool (Batjes, 2014). Vertical fluxes of CO 2 into the atmosphere have been extensively studied (e.g., Bond-Lamberty et al., 2020;Chapin et al., 2006;Jian et al., 2021). Lateral fluxes of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC and DIC) from terrestrial to aquatic systems have been increasingly recognized for emitting substantial amounts of CO 2 along river corridors (e.g., Barnes et al., 2018;Battin et al., 2009;Regnier et al., 2013). Vertical and lateral carbon fluxes, however, are often studied separately within disciplinary boundaries (Brookfield et al., 2021;Grimm et al., 2003). Their connections, partitioning, and relationship to carbon transformation across gradients of hydroclimatic and subsurface conditions have remained poorly understood. As a result, quantifications of carbon transformation rates and fluxes have remained highly uncertain (Duvert et al., 2018).Organic carbon (OC) transformation and chemical weathering (i.e., carbonate dissolution and precipitation) are key processes that produce dissolved and gaseous carbon and drive terrestrial carbon dynamics. Their rates depend on hydroclimatic conditions (Figure 1) that are bound to change under future climates with intensifying hydrological extremes including droughts and storms (Ault, 2020;Mastrotheodoros et al., 2020). Soil respiration rates often increase with temperature (Lloyd & Taylor, 1994) but peak at 50%-70% water saturation (Yan et al., 2018).