Soil freeze–thaw with root litter alters N transformations during the dormant season in soils under two temperate forests in northern Japan

Hosokawa, Nanae; Isobe, Kazuo; Urakawa, Rieko; Tateno, Ryunosuke; Fukuzawa, Karibu; Watanabe, Tadayoshi; Shibata, Hideaki

doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.07.025

Cited by 38 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The complexity of biochemical processes mediated by microbes such as mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification (Butterbach-Bahl et al 2013;Isobe and Ohte 2014) makes it difficult to formulate mechanisms accurately. Physical processes such as freezing and thawing and their impacts on the N cycle (Yanai et al 2011;Hosokawa et al 2017) are sufficiently complicated that most models do not adequately characterize them. Also, human manipulations by agricultural practices such as reduced tillage (Koga et al 2004), enhanced-efficiency fertilizer (Akiyama et al 2010), and inoculation of soils with microbes that process N more efficiently (Itakura et al 2012) can affect N 2 O emissions but have not been adequately incorporated into biogeochemical models.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) from soil surfaces and their historical changes in East Asia: a model-based assessment

Ito

Nishina

Ishijima³

et al. 2018

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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This study assessed historical changes in emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), a potent greenhouse gas and stratospheric ozone-depleting substance, from the soils of East Asia to the atmosphere. A process-based terrestrial ecosystem model (VISIT) was used to simulate the nitrogen cycle and associated N 2 O emissions as a function of climate, land use, atmospheric deposition, and agricultural inputs from 1901 to 2016. The mean regional N 2 O emission rate in the 2000s was estimated to be 2.03 Tg N 2 O year −1 (1.29 Tg N year −1 ; approximately one-third from natural ecosystems and twothirds from croplands), more than triple the rate in 1901. A sensitivity analysis suggested that the increase of N 2 O emissions was primarily attributable to the increase of agricultural inputs from fertilizer and manure. The simulated N 2 O emissions showed a clear seasonal cycle and interannual variability, primarily in response to meteorological conditions and nitrogen inputs. The spatial pattern of the simulated N 2 O emissions revealed hot spots in agricultural areas of China, South Korea, and Japan. The average N 2 O emission factor (emission per unit nitrogen input) was estimated to be 1.38%, a value comparable to previous estimates. These biogeochemical modeling results will facilitate identifying ways to mitigate global warming and manage agricultural practices in this region.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) from soil surfaces and their historical changes in East Asia: a model-based assessment

Ito

Nishina

Ishijima³

et al. 2018

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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“…FTC induced short-term nutrient release at high FTC magnitude and frequency in our experiment. Increased nitrate leaching following soil freezing has been explained by decreased root uptake due to lethal or sublethal root damage (Campbell et al, 2014;Matzner and Borken, 2008) and FTC are further reported to increase ammonium production and mineralization rates (Austnes and Vestgarden, 2008;Vestgarden and Austnes, 2009;Shibata et al, 2013;Hosokawa et al, 2017). However, soil frost commonly reduces nitrification rates and nitrate production (Hosokawa et al, 2017;Hishi et al, 2014;Shibata et al, 2013) as nitrifying bacteria are sensitive to low temperatures (Cookson et al, 2002;Dalias et al, 2002).…”

Section: Ftc Induce Nitrogen Release But Response Patterns Are Indistmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased nitrate leaching following soil freezing has been explained by decreased root uptake due to lethal or sublethal root damage (Campbell et al, 2014;Matzner and Borken, 2008) and FTC are further reported to increase ammonium production and mineralization rates (Austnes and Vestgarden, 2008;Vestgarden and Austnes, 2009;Shibata et al, 2013;Hosokawa et al, 2017). However, soil frost commonly reduces nitrification rates and nitrate production (Hosokawa et al, 2017;Hishi et al, 2014;Shibata et al, 2013) as nitrifying bacteria are sensitive to low temperatures (Cookson et al, 2002;Dalias et al, 2002). Based on these aspects, we assume that the processes activating N and P in our experiment are (1) lysis of microbial cells, reported to occur at minimum temperatures of -7°C (Skogland et al, 1988) to -11°C (Soulides and Allison, 1961) or due to osmotic shock upon exposure to melt water (Jefferies et al, 2010), and (2) physical destruction of organic and soil particles (Oztas and Fayetorbay, 2003;Hobbie and Chapin, 1996) rather than altered mineralization rates as those should be coupled to highest mineral N availability in the unfrozen control.…”

Section: Ftc Induce Nitrogen Release But Response Patterns Are Indistmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, soil microorganisms which survive freezing and desiccation can be lethally damaged via osmotic shock upon exposure to melt water (Jefferies et al, 2010) and physiological re-adaptation to thawing conditions may lead to microbial carbon and nutrient release (Schimel et al, 2007). Consequently, soil freezing can disrupt soil microbial activity (Bolter et al, 2005;Yanai et al, 2004) and affect key microbial processes such as ammonification, nitrification and denitrification (Urakawa et al, 2014;Watanabe et al, 2019;Hosokawa et al, 2017). Furthermore, soil freezing can damage plant roots (Tierney et al, 2001; Reinmann and Templer, 2018;Kreyling et al, 2012a;Weih and Karlsson, 2002), induce soil nitrogen (N) leaching (Joseph and Henry, 2009;Matzner and Borken, 2008), increase soil trace gas losses (Reinmann and Templer, 2018;Matzner and Borken, 2008), reduce N uptake by trees (Campbell et al, 2014), decrease plant productivity (Göbel et al, 2019;Comerford et al, 2013;Reinmann et al, 2019) and can ultimately lead to plant mortality (Schaberg et al, 2008;Buma et al, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Soils from cold and snowy temperate deciduous forests release more nitrogen and phosphorus after soil freeze-thaw cycles than soils from warmer, snow-poor conditions

Kreyling¹,

Schumann²,

Weigel³

2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Effects of global warming are most pronounced in winter. A reduction in snow cover due to warmer atmospheric temperature in formerly cold ecosystems, however, could counteract an increase in soil temperature by reduction of insulation. Thus, soil freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) might increase in frequency and magnitude with warming, potentially leading to a disturbance of the soil biota and release of nutrients. Here, we assessed how soil freeze-thaw magnitude and frequency affect short-term release of nutrients in temperate deciduous forest soils by conducting a three factorial gradient experiment with ex-situ soil samples in climate chambers. The fully-crossed experiment included soils from forests dominated by Fagus sylvatica (European beech) that originate from different winter climate (mean coldest month temperature range ΔT > 4 K), a range of FTC magnitudes from no (T = 4.0 °C) to strong (T = −11.3 °C) soil frost, and a range of FTC frequencies (f = 0–7). We hypothesized that higher frost magnitude and frequency, respectively, will increase the release of nutrients. Furthermore, soils from cold climates with historically stable winter soil temperatures due to deep snow cover will be more responsive to FTC than soils from warmer, more fluctuating winter soil climates. FTC magnitude and, to a lesser extent, also FTC frequency resulted in increased nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate release almost exclusively in soils from cold, snow-rich sites. The hierarchical regression analyses of our three-factorial gradient experiment revealed that the effects of climatic origin (mean minimum winter temperature) followed a sigmoidal curve for all studied nutrients and was modulated either by FTC magnitude (phosphate) or by FTC magnitude and frequency (nitrate, ammonium) in complex two- and, for all studied nutrients, in threefold interactions of the environmental drivers. Compared to initial concentrations, soluble nutrients were predicted to increase to 250 % for nitrate (up to 16 µg NO3-N kg−1 DM), to 110 % for ammonium (up to 60 µg NH4-N kg−1 DM), and to 400 % for phosphate (2.2 µg PO4-P kg−1 DM) at the coldest site for strongest magnitude and highest frequency. Soils from warmer sites showed little nutrient release and were largely unaffected by the FTC treatments except for above-average nitrate release at the warmest sites in response to extremely cold FTC magnitude. We suggest that currently warmer forest soils have historically already passed the point of high responsiveness to winter climate change, displaying some form of adaptation either in the soil biotic composition or in labile nutrient sources. Our data suggests that previously cold sites, which will lose their protective snow cover during climate change, are most vulnerable to increasing FTC frequency and magnitude, resulting in strong shifts in nitrogen and phosphorus release. In nutrient poor European beech forests of the studied Pleistocene lowlands, nutrients released over winter may be leached out, inducing reduced plant growth rates in the following growing season.

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“…Other field studies have investigated the consequences of altered freeze–thaw cycling indirectly by experimentally manipulating snow depths or by analyzing natural variation in wintertime conditions (Boswell et al., 2020; Gavazov et al., 2017; Ruan & Robertson, 2017). In such studies, the number of FTCs is instead often quantified by simply counting each time soil temperatures fluctuate around 0 °C or by qualifying their presumed severity using subjective categories such as “extreme” and “mild” under no snow cover and natural snow cover, respectively (Hosokawa et al., 2017). Here, we present a new approach to facilitate the rapid and more objective quantification and identification of FTCs and their dynamics to elucidate the germane characteristics of FTCs that drive ecosystem responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel determination of effective freeze–thaw cycles as drivers of ecosystem change

et al. 2020

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Soil freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) profoundly influence biophysical conditions and modify biogeochemical processes across many northern‐hemisphere and alpine ecosystems. How FTCs will contribute to global processes in seasonally snow‐covered ecosystems in the future is of particular importance as climate change progresses and winter snowpacks decline. Our understanding of these contributions is limited because there has been little consideration of inter‐ and intrayear variability in the characteristics of FTCs, in part due to a limited appreciation for which of these characteristics matters most with respect to a given biogeochemical process. Here, we introduce the concept of effective FTCs: those that are most likely linked to changes in key soil processes. We also propose a set of parameters to quantify and characterize effective FTCs using standard field soil temperature data. To put these proposed parameters into effective practice, we present FTCQuant, an R package of functions that quantifies FTCs based on a set of user‐defined parameter criteria and, importantly, summarizes the individual characteristics of each FTC counted. To demonstrate the utility of these new concepts and tools, we applied the FTCQuant package to re‐analyze data from two published studies to help explain over‐winter changes to N2O emissions and wet‐aggregate stability. We found that effective FTCs would be defined differently for each of these response variables and that effective FTCs provided a 76 and 33% increase in model fit for wet‐aggregate stability and cumulative N2O emission, respectively, relative to conventional FTC quantification methods focusing on fluctuations around 0 °C. These results demonstrate the importance of identifying effective FTCs when scaling soil processes to regional or global levels. We hope our contributions will inform future deductions, hypothesis generation, and experimentation with respect to expected changes in freeze–thaw cycling globally.

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Soil freeze–thaw with root litter alters N transformations during the dormant season in soils under two temperate forests in northern Japan

Cited by 38 publications

References 57 publications

Emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) from soil surfaces and their historical changes in East Asia: a model-based assessment

Emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) from soil surfaces and their historical changes in East Asia: a model-based assessment

Soils from cold and snowy temperate deciduous forests release more nitrogen and phosphorus after soil freeze-thaw cycles than soils from warmer, snow-poor conditions

Novel determination of effective freeze–thaw cycles as drivers of ecosystem change

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