Soil Genesis and Mineral Transformation Across an Environmental Gradient on Andesitic Lahar

Rasmussen, Craig; Matsuyama, Nobuhiko; Dahlgren, Randy A.; Southard, R. J.; Brauer, Neil

doi:10.2136/sssaj2006.0100

Cited by 89 publications

(80 citation statements)

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“…The extent of mass loss in topsoil layers due to vegetation fires is strongly correlated to SOM combustion (Rein et al, 2008). In all of our soils, statistically significant mass loss (p < 0.05) occurred within the temperature ranges of SOM combustion, between 250 to 450 • C. Proportion of soil mass loss with temperature was proportional to initial C concentration of the soils.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…All the sites have a Mediterranean climate characterized by warm to hot dry summers and cool to cold wet winters. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 16.7 • C at the lowest site located at 210 m to 3.9 • C at the highest elevation site which is at an elevation of 2865 m. Annual precipitation ranges from 33 cm at the lowest site to 127 cm at the highest site Rasmussen et al, 2007) (Table 1).…”

Section: Study Site and Soil Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The degree of alteration caused by fires depends on the fire intensity and duration, which in turn depend on factors such as the amount and type of fuels, properties of above ground biomass, air temperature and humidity, wind, topography, and soil properties such as moisture content, texture and soil organic matter (SOM) content (DeBano et al, 1998). The first-order effects of fire on soil are caused by the input of heat causing extreme soil temperatures in topsoil (Badía and Martí, 2003b;Neary et al, 1999) resulting in loss and transformation of SOM, changes in soil hydrophobicity, changes in soil aggregation, loss of soil mass, and addition of charred material and other combustion products (Albalasmeh et al, 2013;Mataix-Solera et al, 2011;Rein et al, 2008). Soil temperature thresholds for some important soil transformations are illustrated in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal alteration of soil physico-chemical properties: a systematic study to infer response of Sierra Nevada climosequence soils to forest fires

Araya

Meding

Berhe

2016

SOIL

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Abstract. Fire is a common ecosystem perturbation that affects many soil properties. As global fire regimes continue to change with climate change, we investigated thermal alteration of soils' physical and chemical properties after they are exposed to a range of temperatures that are expected during prescribed and wildland fires. For this study, we used topsoils collected from a climosequence transect along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada that spans from 210 to 2865 m a.s.l. All the soils we studied were formed on a granitic parent material and had significant differences in soil organic matter (SOM) concentration and mineralogy owing to the effects of climate on soil development. Topsoils (0-5 cm depth) from the Sierra Nevada climosequence were heated in a muffle furnace at six set temperatures that cover the range of major fire intensity classes (150, 250, 350, 450, 550 and 650 • C). We determined the effects of heating temperature on soil aggregate strength, aggregate size distribution, specific surface area (SSA), mineralogy, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations. With increasing temperature, we found significant reduction of total C, N and CEC. Aggregate strength also decreased with further implications for loss of C protected inside aggregates. Soil pH and SSA increased with temperature. Most of the statistically significant changes (p < 0.05) occurred between 350 and 450 • C. We observed relatively smaller changes at temperature ranges below 250 • C. This study identifies critical temperature thresholds for significant physico-chemical changes in soils that developed under different climate regimes. Our findings will be of interest to studies of inferences for how soils are likely to respond to different fire intensities under anticipated climate change scenarios.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Study Site and Soil Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal alteration of soil physico-chemical properties: a systematic study to infer response of Sierra Nevada climosequence soils to forest fires

Araya

Meding

Berhe

2016

SOIL

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“…to 3.9 • C at the highest elevation site at an elevation of 2865 m a.s.l. Annual precipitation ranges from 33 cm at the lowest site to 127 cm at the highest site (Dahlgren et al, 1997;Rasmussen et al, 2007) (Table 1).…”

Section: Study Site and Soil Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal alteration of soil organic matter properties: a systematic study to infer response of Sierra Nevada climosequence soils to forest fires

Araya¹,

Fogel²,

Berhe³

2017

SOIL

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Abstract. Fire is a major driver of soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics, and contemporary global climate change is changing global fire regimes. We conducted laboratory heating experiments on soils from five locations across the western Sierra Nevada climosequence to investigate thermal alteration of SOM properties and determine temperature thresholds for major shifts in SOM properties. Topsoils (0 to 5 cm depth) were exposed to a range of temperatures that are expected during prescribed and wild fires (150, 250, 350, 450, 550, and 650 • C). With increase in temperature, we found that the concentrations of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) decreased in a similar pattern among all five soils that varied considerably in their original SOM concentrations and mineralogies. Soils were separated into discrete size classes by dry sieving. The C and N concentrations in the larger aggregate size fractions (2-0.25 mm) decreased with an increase in temperature, so that at 450 • C the remaining C and N were almost entirely associated with the smaller aggregate size fractions (< 0.25 mm). We observed a general trend of 13 C enrichment with temperature increase. There was also 15 N enrichment with temperature increase, followed by 15 N depletion when temperature increased beyond 350 • C. For all the measured variables, the largest physical, chemical, elemental, and isotopic changes occurred at the mid-intensity fire temperatures, i.e., 350 and 450 • C. The magnitude of the observed changes in SOM composition and distribution in three aggregate size classes, as well as the temperature thresholds for critical changes in physical and chemical properties of soils (such as specific surface area, pH, cation exchange capacity), suggest that transformation and loss of SOM are the principal responses in heated soils. Findings from this systematic investigation of soil and SOM response to heating are critical for predicting how soils are likely to be affected by future climate and fire regimes.

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“…In landscapes where physical erosion is low, studies at multiple spatial scales have demonstrated that precipitation and temperature strongly control chemical weathering rates and soil development when all other state factors are held constant (Strakhov, 1967;Ruhe, 1984;Chadwick et al, 2003;Dahlgren et al, 1997;Rasmussen et al, 2007;Williams et al, 2010;Goodfellow et al, 2014). The degree of soil development varies considerably with changes in climate, with thresholds observed in weathering processes and soil formation between water-limited systems and energy-limited systems (Dahlgren et al, 1997;Rasmussen et al, 2011;Goodfellow et al, 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

Mineralogical Transformations and Soil Development in Shale across a Latitudinal Climosequence

Dere¹,

White

April³

et al. 2016

Soil Science Soc of Amer J

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PedologyTo investigate factors controlling soil formation, we established a climosequence as part of the Susquehanna-Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (SSHCZO) in central Pennsylvania, USA. Sites were located on organic matter-poor, iron-rich Silurian-aged shale in Wales, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, and Puerto Rico, although this last site is underlain by a younger shale. Across the climosequence, mean annual temperature (MAT) increases from 7 to 24°C and mean annual precipitation (MAP) ranges from 100 to 250 cm. Variations in soil characteristics along the climosequence, including depth, morphology, particle-size distribution, geochemistry, and bulk and clay mineralogy, were characterized to investigate the role of climate in controlling mineral transformations and soil formation. Overall, soil horizonation, depth, clay content, and chemical depletion increase with increasing temperature and precipitation, consistent with enhanced soil development and weathering processes in warmer and wetter locations. Secondary minerals are present at higher concentrations at the warmest sites of the climosequence; kaolinite increases from <5% at northern sites in Wales and Pennsylvania to 30% in Puerto Rico. The deepest observed weathering reaction is plagioclase feldspar dissolution followed by the transformation of chlorite and illite to vermiculite and hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite. Plagioclase, although constituting <12% of the initial shale mineralogy, may be the profile initiating reaction that begins shale bedrock transformation to weathered regolith. Weathering of the more abundant chlorite and illite minerals (~70% of initial mineralogy), however, are more likely controlling regolith thickness. Climate appears to play a central role in driving soil formation and mineral weathering reactions across the climosequence.Abbreviations: CZ, critical zone; HIV, hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite; ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy; LGM, last glacial maximum; MAP, mean annual precipitation; MAT, mean annual temperature; MCL, Materials Characterization Laboratory; SRT, soil residence time ; SSHCZO, Susquehanna-Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory; XRD, x-ray diffraction. Q uantifying changes in the critical zone (CZ), especially soil development and function, is important for predicting the future of soils (NRC, 2001). The CZ extends from the top of the vegetation canopy to freshwater aquifers beneath Earth's surface and is the focus of most ecosystem processes that support terrestrial life . Soil formation within the CZ involves complex coupling between physical, chemical, and biological processes that are not well quantified (Amundson, 2004). Efforts to predict how future changes in climate and land use will modify the CZ are ongoing and are important aspects of developing adaptation and management plans for human society (Banwart et al., 2011 Core Ideas• Detailed characterization of the morphology, geochemistry, and mineralogy of shale-derived soils across a climosequenc...

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Soil Genesis and Mineral Transformation Across an Environmental Gradient on Andesitic Lahar

Cited by 89 publications

References 47 publications

Thermal alteration of soil physico-chemical properties: a systematic study to infer response of Sierra Nevada climosequence soils to forest fires

Thermal alteration of soil physico-chemical properties: a systematic study to infer response of Sierra Nevada climosequence soils to forest fires

Thermal alteration of soil organic matter properties: a systematic study to infer response of Sierra Nevada climosequence soils to forest fires

Mineralogical Transformations and Soil Development in Shale across a Latitudinal Climosequence

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