Soil Recovery Assessment after Timber Harvesting Based on the Sustainable Forest Operation (SFO) Perspective in Iranian Temperate Forests

Sohrabi, Hadi; Jourgholami, Meghdad; Jafari, Mohammad; Shabanian, Naghi; Venanzi, Rachele; Tavankar, Farzam; Picchio, Rodolfo

doi:10.3390/su12072874

Cited by 36 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…These studies demonstrate that in the evaluation of skid trail recovery, it is prudent to measure multiple soil properties to ascertain if the recovery is complete. Another aspect of skid trail recovery that has received less attention than physical properties is the rehabilitation of chemical properties (Ebeling et al 2017;Neaves et al 2017;Ilintsev et al 2018;Warlo et al 2019;Sohrabi et al 2020). In Malaysia, Malmer et al (1998) encountered contrasting results in two skid trails that were in close proximity to each other (500 m).…”

Section: Soil Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In research between 20 to 25 years after logging operations there is a contrast when comparing results of studies evaluating bulk density (BD) or soil penetration resistance (PR). For example, three studies that evaluated BD and PR in skid trails 20 to 25 years old, at a depth of 0-10 cm, found no complete soil recovery for these soil properties (Pennington et al 2004;Sohrabi et al 2019;Sohrabi et al 2020). However, three other studies of similarly-aged skid trails that were measured at a depth of only 0-5 cm (Neaves et al 2017;DeArmond et al 2019) and 5.1 cm (Froehlich et al 1985) found a recovery of BD at these depths.…”

Section: Soil Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural recovery of skid trails: a review

2021

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In recent years, the study of skid trail recovery processes has gained momentum. In this review, 121 studies on various aspects of skid trail recovery were evaluated to determine when, where and how the dominant factors that influence the process of recuperation occur. These studies were located proportionally in the following forest biomes: temperate (60%), tropical (31%), and boreal (9%). Research focused mainly on soil physical properties to ascertain if there had been evidence of recovery. The majority of studies of a decade or less after abandonment demonstrated that heavily used skid trails had not recovered. On the contrary, lightly used skid trails did present full recoveries over the same time span. Soil recovery tended to occur in medium- to coarse-textured soils in temperate and boreal forests. Considering all forest biomes, the impacts of compaction persisted at least two to five decades after logging operations. The impacts were evident in diminished tree heights and volumes from trees growing on skid trails. The last 50 years of research indicates that skid trails, globally, do recover from compaction, albeit slowly.

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Section: Soil Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Soil Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural recovery of skid trails: a review

2021

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“…After compaction, for recovery processes of soil features may be needed from a few years to multiple decades to return to the pre-harvest levels, as documented in the previous studies [5,7,9,11,12]. One important issue to accelerate the recovery processes of soil properties and rehabilitate soil quality on areas affected by different degree of compaction is seedling planting [4,9,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Furthermore, soil compaction imposed by heavy machines during logging operations may dramatically affect the balancing and regulation of forest productivity process by demolishing soil structure and impairing soil physical properties [5]. Consequently, this phenomena lead to reduce the porosity in soil volume [6,7], decrease the connectivity of pore spaces [8,9], increase soil bulk density and strength [10,11], and reduce water infiltration and gas exchange [12,13], with consequent negative influences on soil macro-and micro-organisms (e.g., earthworms and microarthropods) [7,9], and elongation of root systems [14] and, ultimately, reducing tree and seedlings growth [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regeneration of Belowground Properties and Nutrient Pools in Soil after Compaction: Response to the Reforestation with Native Tree Species in the Hyrcanian Forest

Jourgholami

Picchio

Tavankar

et al. 2020

The 1st International Electronic Conference on Forests—Forests for a Better Future: Sustainability, Innovation, Inter

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The current study characterizes the regeneration in the floor layer and topsoil at a depth of 0-10 cm in the skid trails, dealing with the reforestation of four tree species (FE; Fraxinus excelsior, PA; Prunus avium, AC; Acer cappadocicum, and QC; Quercus castaneifolia) after clear-cutting in degraded forests, comparing to the undisturbed natural forest (CB-PP; Carpinus betulus-Parrotia persica). Results showed significant differences in litter layer properties among tree species, with the highest litter thickness, C, and C/N ratio under QC and AC, and the greatest litter N in CB-PP and FE. FE plantation resulted to enhance soil bulk density (1.14 g cm −3), total porosity (55.85%), macroporosity (37.72%), penetration resistance (1.43 MPa), soil moisture (33.4%), and aggregate stability (51.7%), compared to other tree plantations, whereas these values under the FE plantation were still lower than those of the CB-PP stand over a 30-year period after logging operation. Litterfall on soil surface under planted tree species (FE and PA in particular) can be considered as a primary food resource (i.e., soil C and soil organic matter) driving biological and microbial activities. Results of the current study can improve our knowledge to select suitable tree species to maintain soil quality and nutrients pool to deal with ecosystem restoration programs and reforestation in degraded forest areas.

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“…In the laboratory, soil samples were dried in an oven at 105 • C for 24 h until reaching a constant mass to determine the soil moisture content, dry bulk density, and porosity. Soil texture was determined using a hydrometric method [55].…”

Section: Measurements and Laboratory Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Earthworms as an Ecological Indicator of Soil Recovery after Mechanized Logging Operations in Mixed Beech Forests

Sohrabi

Jourgholami

Jafari

et al. 2020

Forests

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Soil damage caused by logging operations conducted to obtain and maximize economic benefits has been established as having long-term effects on forest soil quality and productivity. However, a comprehensive study of the impact of logging operations on earthworms as a criterion for soil recovery has never been conducted in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in soil biological properties (earthworm density and biomass) and its recovery process under the influence of traffic intensity, slope and soil depth in various intervals according to age after logging operations. Soil properties were compared among abandoned skid trails with different ages (i.e., 3, 10, 20, and 25 years) and an undisturbed area. The results showed that earthworm density and biomass in the high traffic intensity and slope class of 20–30% at the 10–20 cm depth of the soil had the lowest value compared to the other treatments. Twenty-five years after the logging operations, the earthworm density at soil depth of 0–10 and 10–20 cm was 28.4% (0.48 ind. m−2) and 38.6% (0.35 ind. m−2), which were less than those of the undisturbed area, respectively. Meanwhile, the earthworm biomass at a soil depth of 0–10 and 10–20 cm was 30.5% (2.05 mg m−2) and 40.5% (1.54 mg m−2) less than the values of the undisturbed area, respectively. The earthworm density and biomass were positively correlated with total porosity, organic carbon and nitrogen content, while negatively correlated with soil bulk density and C/N ratio. According to the results, 25 years after logging operations, the earthworm density and biomass on the skid trails were recovered, but they were significantly different with the undisturbed area. Therefore, full recovery of soil biological properties (i.e., earthworm density and biomass) takes more than 25 years. The conclusions of our study reveal that the effects of logging operations on soil properties are of great significance, and our understanding of the mechanism of soil change and recovery demand that harvesting operations be extensively and properly implemented.

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Soil Recovery Assessment after Timber Harvesting Based on the Sustainable Forest Operation (SFO) Perspective in Iranian Temperate Forests

Cited by 36 publications

References 66 publications

Natural recovery of skid trails: a review

Natural recovery of skid trails: a review

Regeneration of Belowground Properties and Nutrient Pools in Soil after Compaction: Response to the Reforestation with Native Tree Species in the Hyrcanian Forest

Earthworms as an Ecological Indicator of Soil Recovery after Mechanized Logging Operations in Mixed Beech Forests

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