Soil removal as a rate process

Loeb, Leopold; Sanford, P. B.; Cochran, Steven Douglas

doi:10.1007/bf02673487

Cited by 20 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Table IV lists the predicted whiteness index for each treatment in the central composite rotatable design. Table III shows that t e coefficients of agitation time (X3 and X32) tend to be of lower significance than those of detergent concentration or wash temperature, even though the agitation times used in the study should fall within the range where agitation has its greatest effect on rate of soil removal [8]. The linear coefficient was not significant for the acrylic fabric, and the only case where the coefficient of X32 contributed significantly to the equation was for polyester.…”

Section: Soil Measurementmentioning

confidence: 93%

Soil Remaining on Fabrics after Laundering as Evaluated by Response Surface Methodology

Prato

Morris

1984

Textile Research Journal

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Response surface methodology was used to visualize the interactive effects of detergent concentration, agitation time, and wash temperature on removal of soil from fabrics. Plots of the whiteness index of fabrics after repeated soiling and laundering indicated that maximum whiteness occurred at approximately 0.20% detergent concentration. The wash temperature required for maximum whiteness varied with fabric type. Changes in length of agitation time within the limits of the study had a minor effect on soil removal. Labeled components of synthetic sebum could be completely removed from acrylic and nylon fabrics. Both polar and nonpolar components became trapped in the cotton fibers. Removal of nonpolar triolein from polyester was incomplete and decreased as wash temperature increased. Particulate soil, as measured by x-ray fluorescence of silicon, could be completely removed from all fabrics except the acrylic.Detergent concentration, wash temperature, and agitation time are variables that are easily controlled in the home laundering process and are known to affect soil removal from fabrics. Because each of these variables or factors influences molecular activity within the wash system, one expects the response function for one factor is not independent of the levels of the other factors. Most soil removal studies to date have looked at the effects of varying only one factor at a time; however, when factors are interrelated, using response surface methodology provides a more accurate picture than varying factors independently.In this study we examined and described the combined effects of detergent concentration, agitation time, and wash temperature on soil removal from four fabrics of different fiber types. We used multiple regression analyses and computer plotting capabilities to determine and visualize the relative importance of the factors and the combinations of factors providing optimum soil removal. We measured soil remaining on the fabrics after laundering in a general manner by determining the fabric whiteness. We obtained information on specific components of the soil remaining using radioactive labeling and x-ray fluorescence techniques. experimental DESIGN A central composite second order rotatable design with three variables was used for this experiment [2].

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Section: Soil Measurementmentioning

confidence: 93%

Soil Remaining on Fabrics after Laundering as Evaluated by Response Surface Methodology

Prato

Morris

1984

Textile Research Journal

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“…This kinetic method made it possible to measure results with the desired precision and objectivity, though the results of the actual grime were only shown in the present paper. Kinetic analyses have been reported in other fields [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] than the study of kitchen oily grime, and plural rate constants have been observed for oily dirt on cloth [11,12] and on metal [14,15], for example. However, there are few studies that clarify the relationship between the kinetic parameters and the composition of the grime being studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Oily Grime Formed on Hard Surfaces of Kitchen Appliances: (Part 2) Kinetics of Oily Grime Removal

Yamada

Tsutsui

Natsuhara

et al. 2007

J Surfact & Detergents

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The oily grime adsorbed to the surfaces of kitchen appliances ages to become difficult to remove using normal dishwashing detergents. Artificial grime models similar to actual grime were prepared using composition data of the oily grime obtained in previous work. To evaluate typical cleaning products, one needs to observe their efficacy against actual and artificial grime using precise and objective evaluation methods. In the present work, the kinetic method was applied to actual kitchen grime. The grime-removal rate constants were calculated by monitoring absorbance of the cleaning fluids, and the results are discussed based on the compositions of the detergents and grime. One commercial detergent, with pH adjusted to 9.7, consisted mainly of spirit solvent and had two rate constants, k 1 (fast) and k 2 (slow), which indicated the removal rates of THF-soluble and THF-insoluble oily grime, respectively. With a second commercial detergent that contained mainly an alkali agent at pH 11.8, the removal rates were extremely fast for both THF-soluble and THF-insoluble grime. The alkalinity worked effectively against both types of grime. The effects on the removal rates of various ingredients that could be added to the cleaning products were also investigated and the overall removal rates were highly dependent on the pH of the fluids and slightly dependent on the kinds of alkalies used. The present kinetic method was found to be useful for evaluating the capability of the detergents. The plural rate constants observed for a single grime sample, which previously were not well understood, could be interpreted in terms of the compositions of the grime.

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“…While Loeb et al [8] claimed that the curves for the percentage of soil removal increased linearly with the log of cumulative washing time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The washing efficiency was expressed as a function of time under various washing conditions [7][8][9]. Vaughn and coworkers [7] explained the rate of soil removal as a function of the removable soil content (equation (1)).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of mechanical actions on washing efficiency

et al. 2008

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The role of mechanical action on the washing process was studied. The experimental apparatus was designed to simulate each mechanical action such as the hydrodynamic flow action, the fabric flexing action, the abrasion action during washing process. The influence of mechanical action strongly depends on the property and attached state of each soil. The abrasion action was found as the most effective mechanical action for soil removal.

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Soil removal as a rate process

Cited by 20 publications

References 6 publications

Soil Remaining on Fabrics after Laundering as Evaluated by Response Surface Methodology

Soil Remaining on Fabrics after Laundering as Evaluated by Response Surface Methodology

Oily Grime Formed on Hard Surfaces of Kitchen Appliances: (Part 2) Kinetics of Oily Grime Removal

The effects of mechanical actions on washing efficiency

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