Soil response to ocean waves

Kraft, Leland M.; Helfrich, Steven C.; Suhayda, Joseph N.; Marin, Justo E.

doi:10.1080/10641198509388186

Cited by 14 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Major storms can also induce soft-sediment deformation through overpressuring by high-amplitude storm waves (Kraft et al, 1985;Okusa, 1985) or by the drag force of bottom storm currents (Lowe, 1976;Orange and Breen, 1992). The Lexington area apparently sat astride major storm pathways in Ordovician time (Marsaglia and Klein, 1983;Duke, 1985;Ettensohn et al, 1986b), and storm-deposited or storm-reworked sediments are ubiquitous throughout the Lexington Limestone (e.g., Ettensohn, 1992b).…”

Section: Excluding Other Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpreting ancient marine seismites and apparent epicentral areas for paleo-earthquakes, Middle Ordovician Lexington Limestone, central Kentucky

Ettensohn¹,

Kulp²,

Rast³

2002

Ancient Seismites

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Section: Excluding Other Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpreting ancient marine seismites and apparent epicentral areas for paleo-earthquakes, Middle Ordovician Lexington Limestone, central Kentucky

Ettensohn¹,

Kulp²,

Rast³

2002

Ancient Seismites

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“…Vertical (upwards and downwards) and lateral gradual transitions from lime mudstone to breccia and deformation structures within these transitions demonstrate that the coarse breccias derive from in situ brecciation processes, which acted on previously deposited lime mudstones. Considering the effect of storm wave‐induced shear stress on the sea floor, well documented by engineers for siliciclastic granular material (Kraft et al ., 1985), the carbonate breccias may have resulted from partial (heterogeneous) liquefaction of a cohesive carbonate mud under wave‐cyclic loading during tropical storms (Bouchette et al ., 2001) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Storm deposits and storm‐generated coarse carbonate breccias on a pelagic outer shelf (South‐East Basin, France)

Séguret¹,

Moussine‐Pouchkine²,

Gabaglia³

et al. 2001

Sedimentology

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Uppermost Jurassic limestones of the South‐East Basin (France) are organized into four facies associations that were deposited in four distinct zones: (1) peritidal lagoonal limestones; (2) bioclastic and reefal limestones; (3) pelagic lime mudstones; (4) lime mudstones/calcarenites/coarse breccias. Calcarenite deposits of zone 4 exhibit sedimentary structures that are diagnostic of deposition under wave‐induced combined flow. In subzone 4a, both vertical and lateral transitions from lime mudstone/calcarenite to breccia indicate in situ brecciation under wave‐cyclic loading. Breccias were produced by heterogeneous liquefaction of material previously deposited on the sea floor. Deposits in subzone 4a record relatively long periods (>400 kyr) of sedimentation below wave base, alternating with periods of deposition under wave‐induced currents and periods of in situ deformation. In this zone, storm waves were attenuated by wave–sediment interaction, and wave energy was absorbed by the deformation of soft sediment. With reference to present‐day wave attenuation, water depths in this zone ranged between 50 and 80 m. Landwards of the attenuation zone, in zone 3, storm waves were reduced to fair‐weather wave heights. Storm wave base was not horizontal and became shallower landwards. As a consequence, water depth and wave energy were not linearly related. On a small area of the seaward edge of subzone 4a, cobbles were removed by traction currents and redeposited in subzone 4b. There, they formed a 100‐m‐thick wedge, which prograded over 3 km and was built up by the stacking of 5‐ to 20‐m‐thick cross‐stratified sets of coarse breccia. This wedge records the transport and redeposition of cobbles by a high‐velocity unidirectional component of a combined flow. The increase in flow velocity in a restricted area is proposed to result from flow concentration in a channel‐like structure of the downwelling in the gulf formed by the basin. In more distal subzone 4c, the hydrodynamic effect of wave‐induced currents was quasi‐permanent, and brecciation by wave–sediment interaction occurred only episodically. This indicates that, seawards of the attenuation zone, hydrodynamic storm wave base was deeper than mechanical storm wave base. Uppermost Jurassic carbonates were deposited and soft‐sediment deformed on a hurricane‐dominated ramp of very gentle slope and characterized by a zone of storm wave degeneration, located seawards of a zone of sedimentation below wave base.

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“…Stormgenerated waves in the Gulf of Bohai reach heights as great as 7 m, especially those that are related to winds from the northeast, the direction of maximum fetch. Wave energy degradation across the shoaling delta is extreme, with maximum wave heights in water depths of 18 to 20 m, dissipating rapidly into water depths of 2 m. Similar wave-energy gradients have been observed off the Mississippi Delta, where wave/ sea bottom interaction and cyclic loading develop excess pore-water pressure increases within the sediments, leading to mudflow movement [10]. Also, the Huanghe delta-front sediments apparently experience periodic stresses as a result of seismic shocks.…”

Section: Types Of Bottom Featuresmentioning

confidence: 58%

Active slope failure, sediment collapse, and silt flows on the modern subaqueous Huanghe (Yellow River) delta

Prior

Yang²,

Bornhold

et al. 1986

Geo-Marine Letters

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Post-depositional slope instability and bottom mass-movement processes strongly modify the progradational subaqueous slopes of the modern Huanghe (Yellow River) Delta. Wide, shallow gullies dissect the submarine slopes with gradients of 0.3 to 0.4 °. Lower delta-front sediments experience hi situ subsidence, forming numerous collapse depressions. These processes are pronounced over much of the delta, incising and redistributing the most recently deposited silt-rich sediment. Principal causative factors include low sediment strengths created by rapid deposition in the delta during annual peak discharges from the river and severe bottom perturbations by surface storm-generated waves.

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Soil response to ocean waves

Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Interpreting ancient marine seismites and apparent epicentral areas for paleo-earthquakes, Middle Ordovician Lexington Limestone, central Kentucky

Interpreting ancient marine seismites and apparent epicentral areas for paleo-earthquakes, Middle Ordovician Lexington Limestone, central Kentucky

Storm deposits and storm‐generated coarse carbonate breccias on a pelagic outer shelf (South‐East Basin, France)

Active slope failure, sediment collapse, and silt flows on the modern subaqueous Huanghe (Yellow River) delta

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