Additive manufacture is an effective technology to produce complex macrostructures from polymers. Sol-gel is a chemical process that affords multifunctional materials by functionalization of different substrates. This work reports on the use of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer (ABS) as starting material to obtain a substrate by additive manufacture. Coating of ABS by the sol-gel methodology generated a multifunctional material. Sols with and without phosphate ions were prepared from silicon and calcium alkoxide. Based on X-ray diffraction patterns, a calcium phosphate crystalline structure emerged on ABS after contact of the substrate with simulated body fluid. Infrared analysis revealed that the peaks of the functionalized substrate shifted, indicating that ABS interacted with the sol-gel coating. According to thermal analysis, the maximum decomposition temperature of the coated samples was 20 °C higher as compared to non-coated ABS. Sol-gel and additive manufacture are important technologies to produce materials with applications in biological medium.
Keywords: dip-coating, sol-gel, biomaterials
IntroductionAdditive manufacture (AM, also known as rapid prototyping) assembles materials in the powder, filament, liquid, or slide form. The materials consist of successively stacked thin layers, resulting in a three-dimensional structure.AM uses computer-aided design (CAD) software to build a mould for the scaffold. The mould displays a branching network of shafts that will define the microchannels in the scaffold.1-5 The fusion deposition model (FDM) technique helps to structure the acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene polymer (ABS), a mobile extruder head deposits layers of molten material. The layer-by-layer building approach produces highly complex structures that would be impossible to achieve with technologies based on material subtraction, the most frequently employed procedure nowadays. AM has important applications in several areas, including the aircraft and automobile industries, telecommunications, and medicine. [6][7][8] The sol-gel route is a chemical process that involves formation of a sol, namely a colloidal suspension of particles or molecules with liquid character and measuring between 1 and 1000 nm. The sol later goes through a gel phase, which consists of a colloidal system with solid character. In the gel phase, the molecules form a dispersed, continuous, branched, and interpenetrated structure in a system that is usually liquid. After solvent evaporation, the gel phase becomes a solid material that can be either a xerogel, if the solvent is removed by simple evaporation, or an aerogel, if the solvent is removed above its critical temperature and pressure.
9-12The sol-gel process is widely employed to prepare glasses and oxides and to modify surfaces. Sol-gel encompasses hydrolysis and condensation of metal alkoxides or semi-metallic precursors under mild conditions, to generate a polymer network. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Alkoxides can form homogeneous sols in various solvents and in the p...