Sol–gel preparation and electrochemical properties of La-doped Li4Ti5O12 anode material for lithium-ion battery

Abstract

A sol-gel method using Ti(OC 4 H 9 ) 4 , LiCH 3-COO·2H 2 O, and La(NO 3 ) 3 ·6H 2 O as starting materials and ethyl acetoacetate as chelating agent to prepare pure and lanthanum (La)-doped Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 is reported. The structure and morphology of the active materials characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis indicate that doping with a certain amount of La 3+ does not affect the structure of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , but can restrain the agglomeration of the particles during heat treatment. The electrochemical properties measured by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling tests show that La-doped Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 presents a much improved electrochemical performance due to a decrease in charge transfer resistance. At current densities of 1 and 5 C, the La-doped Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 exhibits excellent reversible capacities of 156.16 and 150.79 mAhg −1 , respectively. The excellent rate capability and good cycling performance make La-doped Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries in energy storage systems.

Sb doped Li4Ti5O12 hollow spheres with enhanced lithium storage capability

“…10 À13 S cm À1 ), limit its rate capability. [13][14][15] The most commonly used ways to solve this problem are to reduce the particle size, [16][17][18] to dope with conductive non-metal/metal ions (e.g., F À , Na + , Zn 2+ , La 3+ , Zr 4+ , V 5+ , Nb 5+ , Mo 4+ ) [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] and to coat conductive materials (e.g., CeO 2 , grapheme, carbon, N-doped carbon) on the Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 surface. 5,[27][28][29] Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 nanomaterials with high surface area can signicantly improve the rate capability.…”

“…Doping with conductive non-metal/metal ions in materials can lead to an increased electrical conductivity and a better lithium-ion insertion/extraction performance. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Coating conductive materials on the Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 surface enhances the surface conductivity and the electrical contact in the electrode; therefore the method can improve the rate capability of electrode materials. Nonetheless, most of the processes are either complex or have to be performed at high temperature (>600 C).…”

Li 3.9 Cu 0.1 Ti 5 O 12 /CNTs composite for the anode of high-power lithium-ion batteries: Intrinsic and extrinsic effects

“…Unfortunately, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 suffers from its intrinsically low electronic conductivity and poor Li + ion conductivity, resulting in its limited rate performance [7,8]. Substitution by foreign ions can effectively engineer the crystal structure and thus modify the electronic conductivity and/or Li + ion conductivity in the particles, but cannot improve the electrical conduction between the particles [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Comparatively, compositing with a conductive phase is capable of increasing the electrical conduction between the particles, but cannot alter the intrinsic (electronic and ionic) conductivity in the particles [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28].…”

One-step solid-state synthesis of Li4Ti5O12/C with low in situ carbon content and high rate cycling performance

“…Spinel Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 is regarded as an alternative anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its appealing features such as Bzero-strain^structure characteristic, stable operating voltage (1.55 V vs. Li/Li + ), good cycling stability, safety, and simple synthesis [2][3][4]. Therefore, a single cell with an operating voltage of about 2.5 V can be provided when Li 4 4 , and LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 , meaning 12 V batteries can be made connecting five cells in series [5][6][7][8] so that the batteries can be used as power sources for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) or plug-in HEV.…”