Solar and photocatalytic disinfection of protozoan, fungal and bacterial microbes in drinking water

Lonnen, James; Kilvington, Simon; Kehoe, S.C.; Al-Touati, F.; McGuigan, Kevin G.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2004.11.023

Cited by 295 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…After another 30-day operation, the PC reactor still maintained high disinfection ability to all biohazards with only very slightly decrease of inactivation efficiencies of bacteria and molds. In addition, it must be noted that, usually, molds were more difficult to be inactivated than bacteria with equal concentrations by PC treatment because molds are eucaryotic organisms surrounded by a rigid cell wall, and mold cell is much larger than that of bacteria [40,41]. Nevertheless, PC inactivation efficiency of molds was slightly higher than that of bacteria on day 30 in this work.…”

Section: Removal Of Biohazards By Photocatalytic Technologymentioning

confidence: 63%

Pollution profiles, health risk of VOCs and biohazards emitted from municipal solid waste transfer station and elimination by an integrated biological-photocatalytic flow system: A pilot-scale investigation

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2013

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Section: Removal Of Biohazards By Photocatalytic Technologymentioning

confidence: 63%

Pollution profiles, health risk of VOCs and biohazards emitted from municipal solid waste transfer station and elimination by an integrated biological-photocatalytic flow system: A pilot-scale investigation

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2013

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…The application of SODIS has been shown to be a simple and cost-effective method for reducing the incidence of gastrointestinal infection in communities where potable water is not available (2)(3)(4). Under laboratory conditions using simulated sunlight, SODIS has been shown to inactivate pathogenic bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa (6,12,15). Although SODIS is not fully understood, it is believed to achieve microbial killing through a combination of DNAdamaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and thermal inactivation from solar heating (21).…”

Section: Solar Disinfection (Sodis) Is An Established and Provenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies with SODIS under laboratory conditions have employed lamps delivering an optical irradiance of 850 W m Ϫ2 to reflect typical natural sunlight conditions (6,11,12,15,16). Here, we used an optical irradiance of 150 to 320 W m Ϫ2 to obtain slower organism inactivation and, hence, determine the potential enhancing effect of riboflavin on SODIS.…”

Section: Solar Disinfection (Sodis) Is An Established and Provenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Activity of Simulated Solar Disinfection against Bacterial, Fungal, and Protozoan Pathogens and Its Enhancement by Riboflavin

Heaselgrave

Kilvington

2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Riboflavin significantly enhanced the efficacy of simulated solar disinfection (SODIS) at 150 watts per square meter (W m ؊2 ) against a variety of microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Fusarium solani, Candida albicans, and Acanthamoeba polyphaga trophozoites (>3 to 4 log 10 after 2 to 6 h; P < 0.001). With A. polyphaga cysts, the kill (3.5 log 10 after 6 h) was obtained only in the presence of riboflavin and 250 W m ؊2 irradiance.

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“…Booton et al (6) also found that a majority of Acanthamoeba isolates from southern Florida beach sand belonged to the T4 clade. Previous studies have shown that although trophozoites of A. polyphaga, a member of the T4 clade, were inactivated after 1 to 2 h of solar photocatalytic (TiO 2 ) disinfection, cysts of A. polyphaga did not show any significant inactivation (9,12). The ability of amebae to survive in a southern Florida beach, which is constantly exposed to intense sunshine during the daytime, and also to survive in an environment with exposure to seawater may enable them to invade and colonize the corneal surface, where the composition of tears is roughly similar to that of dilute seawater (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of Acanthamoeba Cysts after Desiccation for More than 20 Years

et al. 2008

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Acanthamoeba is a free-living ameba that is found throughout the world and that causes encephalitis, keratitis, and cutaneous infections in humans. It has two stages in its life cycle: a trophic stage and a resistant cyst stage. We describe here the ability of Acanthamoeba cysts to survive desiccation for more than 20 years.Acanthamoeba, a free-living ameba, is an opportunistic pathogen of humans and other animals, including gorillas, monkeys, dogs, ovines, bovines, horses, and kangaroos, as well as birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. In humans, Acanthamoeba causes a spectrum of diseases, including infections of the central nervous system, namely, granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE); infection of the skin; and Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK), an infection of the eye. GAE and cutaneous infections have often occurred in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS, as well as immunodeficient patients, including transplant recipients. Acanthamoeba keratitis, however, has occurred in immunocompetent persons wearing soft contact lenses and those with trauma to the eye. Acanthamoeba feeds on bacteria and occurs worldwide. It has been isolated from a number of habitats, including soil; freshwater ponds; pools; lakes; brackish water; seawater; heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning filters; and medical equipment, such as gastric wash tubing, dental irrigation units, contact lens paraphernalia, as well as vegetables, cell cultures, and even human and other animal tissues (13,21,26).Acanthamoeba has two stages in its life cycle: a trophozoite stage and a cyst stage. Both the trophozoite and the cyst are uninucleate, although binucleate trophozoites are occasionally seen. The nucleus is characterized by a large densely staining nucleolus. The trophozoite feeds on bacteria and reproduces by binary fission. The cyst stage is a dormant and resistant stage. The cyst has double walls. The outer ectocyst is wrinkled and is proteinaceous, whereas the inner cyst wall, the endocyst, is either stellate, polygonal, round, or oval and contains cellulose (15, 16). According to a few previous studies the cyst stage of Acanthamoeba spp. is resistant to extreme physical and chemical conditions, including pH 2.0, freezing, ␥ irradiation (250 rads), and UV irradiation (800 mJ/cm 2 ) (2, 8); moist heat (60°C) with a contact time of 60 min (11); prolonged storage at room temperature for 24 months (4) or 24 years at 4°C in water (14); and heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (18).Over the past 30 years, we have established in culture 45isolates obtained from diverse human specimens, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain, skin, and nasal and corneal tissues, as well as contact lens paraphernalia and water. The isolates were grown on nonnutrient agar plates coated with live Escherichia coli cells. After the amebae differentiated into cysts, the agar plates were tightly wrapped with Parafilm and stored at room temperature in laboratory cabinets (Table 1). The agar plates that were retrieved from storage...

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Solar and photocatalytic disinfection of protozoan, fungal and bacterial microbes in drinking water

Cited by 295 publications

References 27 publications

Pollution profiles, health risk of VOCs and biohazards emitted from municipal solid waste transfer station and elimination by an integrated biological-photocatalytic flow system: A pilot-scale investigation

Pollution profiles, health risk of VOCs and biohazards emitted from municipal solid waste transfer station and elimination by an integrated biological-photocatalytic flow system: A pilot-scale investigation

Antimicrobial Activity of Simulated Solar Disinfection against Bacterial, Fungal, and Protozoan Pathogens and Its Enhancement by Riboflavin

Survival of Acanthamoeba Cysts after Desiccation for More than 20 Years

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