Solar X-Ray Monitor on Board the Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter: In-Flight Performance and Science Prospects

Mithun, N. P. S.; Vadawale, S.; Sarkar, Aveek; Shanmugam, M.; Patel, Alkesh B.; Mondal, Biswajit; Joshi, Bhuwan; Janardhan, P.; Adalja, Hiteshkumar L.; Goyal, Subhash; Ladiya, Tinkal; Tiwari, Neeraj K.; Singh, Nishant K.; Kumar, Sushil; Tiwari, M. K.; Modi, Mohammed H.; Bhardwaj, Anil

doi:10.1007/s11207-020-01712-1

Cited by 33 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The solar data have proven valuable for solar flare studies (e.g., Dennis et al, 2015). The most recent planetary spacecraft with a solar X-ray spectrometer is the Indian Chandrayaan-2 mission (Mithun et al, 2020), which was launched in 2019.…”

Section: Detector Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future Prospects for Solar EUV and Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy Missions

Young

2021

Front. Astron. Space Sci.

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Future prospects for solar spectroscopy missions operating in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-ray (SXR) wavelength ranges, 1.2–1,600 Å, are discussed. NASA is the major funder of Solar Physics missions, and brief summaries of the opportunities for mission development under NASA are given. Upcoming major solar missions from other nations are also described. The methods of observing the Sun in the two wavelength ranges are summarized with a discussion of spectrometer types, imaging techniques and detector options. The major spectral features in the EUV and SXR regions are identified, and then the upcoming instruments and concepts are summarized. The instruments range from large spectrometers on dedicated missions, to tiny, low-cost CubeSats launched through rideshare opportunities.

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Section: Detector Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future Prospects for Solar EUV and Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy Missions

Young

2021

Front. Astron. Space Sci.

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“…In the present work, we focus on the largest observed flares, all of which are B-class. These flares were observed during the first two prime observing seasons of the XSM from September 12 to November 20, 2019 (DD1) and February 14 to May 19, 2020 (DD2) -see Mithun et al (2020) and Vanitha et al (2020) for details on XSM observing seasons referred to as 'dawn-dusk' (DD) and 'noon-midnight' (NM) seasons. XSM acquires spectra every second which are stored as raw, day-wise (level-1) data files.…”

Section: Observations and Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Elemental Abundances During B-Class Solar Flares: Soft X-ray Spectral Measurements with Chandrayaan-2 XSM

Mondal,

Sarkar,

Vadawale

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The Solar X-ray Spectrometer (XSM) payload onboard Chandrayaan-2 provides disk-integrated solar spectra in the 1 -15 keV energy range with an energy resolution of 180 eV (at 5.9 keV) and a cadence of 1 second. During the period from September 2019 to May 2020, covering the minimum of Solar Cycle 24, it observed nine B-class flares ranging from B1.3 to B4.5. Using time-resolved spectroscopic analysis during these flares, we examined the evolution of temperature, emission measure, and absolute elemental abundances of four elements -Mg, Al, Si, and S. These are the first measurements of absolute abundances during such small flares and this study offers a unique insight into the evolution of absolute abundances as the flares evolve. Our results demonstrate that the abundances of these four elements decrease towards their photospheric values during the peak phase of the flares. During the decay phase, the abundances are observed to quickly return to their pre-flare coronal values. The depletion of elemental abundances during the flares is consistent with the standard flare model, suggesting the injection of fresh material into coronal loops as a result of chromospheric evaporation. To explain the quick recovery of the so-called coronal "First Ionization Potential (FIP) bias" we propose two scenarios based on the Ponderomotive force model.

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“…It functioned as a CLASS supporter. It was designed to measure the solar radiation intensity in X-ray form emitted from the sun and its corona [26].…”

Section: Solar X-ray Monitormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A solar X-ray spectrum within the energy range of 1-15 keV had provided and XSM can include high-energy resolution and high-cadence solar Xray spectrum measurements (full spectrum per second) as an input for CLASS data analysis [26].…”

Section: Solar X-ray Monitormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chandrayaan-2: A Memorable Mission Conducted by ISRO

Sarkar

Mani

2020

CJAST

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Aims: The Chandrayaan-2 aims to wave the Indian flag on the dark side (South Pole) of the Moon that had never been rendered by any country before. The mission had conducted to gather more scientific information about the Moon. There were three main components of the Chandrayann-2 spacecraft- an orbiter, a lander, and a rover, means to collect data for the availability of water in the South Pole of the Moon. Place and Duration of Study: The rover (Pragyan) was designed to operate for one Lunar day that is equivalent to 14 Earth days, whereas the orbiter is assumed to orbit the Moon for seven years instead of the previously planned for just one year. Overview: The Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft launched by India's heavy-lift rocket Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle-Mark III (GSLV MKIII) from the Satish Dhawan Space Center launch pad located on Sriharikota island of Andhra Prades. Unlike, Chandrayaan-1, this lunar mission aimed to perform a soft-landing on the South Pole of the Lunar surface and do scientific experiments with the help of the rover (Pragyan). Reason: The Chandrayaan-1, the first lunar mission of ISRO that detected water molecules on the Moon. The Chandrayaan-2 was a follow-on mission of Chandrayaan-1 to explore the presence of water molecules on the South Pole of the Moon. Conclusion: Although the orbiter fulfilled all of the command, unfortunately, the lander (Lander) lost its communication at the last moment to touch the Moon’s surface softly. Despite that, India again showed its potential in space missions. Chandrayaan- 2 was the most low budget lunar mission ever conducted by any space organization. The developing or even underdeveloped countries may come forward in their space program as ISRO is showing a convenient way in space missions.

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Solar X-Ray Monitor on Board the Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter: In-Flight Performance and Science Prospects

Cited by 33 publications

References 67 publications

Future Prospects for Solar EUV and Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy Missions

Future Prospects for Solar EUV and Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy Missions

Evolution of Elemental Abundances During B-Class Solar Flares: Soft X-ray Spectral Measurements with Chandrayaan-2 XSM

Chandrayaan-2: A Memorable Mission Conducted by ISRO

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