Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) electrodes Part VI: Calcium-Ca(AlCl4)2-sulfuryl chloride system

Peled, E.; Tulman, R.; Meitav, A.

doi:10.1016/0378-7753(83)87002-5

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…21 Further studies by Peled et al attributed this feature to the formation of a passivation layer consisting mainly of CaCl 2 impermeable to the Ca 2+ ions. 22−25 A similar technology with a somewhat higher operation cell potential was also developed, 26,27 but corrosion of the Ca metal electrodes was found to be an issue; the Ca−SOCl 2 cells lost ca. 10% of their capacity after only 2 weeks of storage.…”

Section: Historical Perspective (−2015): a Myriad Of Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Staniewicz was the first to report on the electrochemistry of Ca–SOCl 2 as an alternative to the Li–SOCl 2 primary cells, again a battery technology mainly used for military applications, and presented the impossibility of calcium plating upon cell reversal as a safety advantage . Further studies by Peled et al attributed this feature to the formation of a passivation layer consisting mainly of CaCl 2 impermeable to the Ca 2+ ions. − A similar technology with a somewhat higher operation cell potential was also developed, , but corrosion of the Ca metal electrodes was found to be an issue; the Ca–SOCl 2 cells lost ca. 10% of their capacity after only 2 weeks of storage .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects of Calcium Batteries

et al. 2019

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This Review flows from past attempts to develop a (rechargeable) battery technology based on Ca via crucial breakthroughs to arrive at a comprehensive discussion of the current challenges at hand. The realization of a rechargeable Ca battery technology primarily requires identification and development of suitable electrodes and electrolytes, which is why we here cover the progress starting from the fundamental electrode/electrolyte requirements, concepts, materials, and compositions employed and finally a critical analysis of the state-of-theart, allowing us to conclude with the particular roadblocks still existing. As for crucial breakthroughs, reversible plating and stripping of calcium at the metal-anode interface was achieved only recently and for very specific electrolyte formulations. Therefore, while much of the current research aims at finding suitable cathodes to achieve proof-of-concept for a full Ca battery, the spectrum of electrolytes researched is also expanded. Compatibility of cell components is essential, and to ensure this, proper characterization is needed, which requires design of a multitude of reliable experimental setups and sometimes methodology development beyond that of other next generation battery technologies. Finally, we conclude with recommendations for future strategies to make best use of the current advances in materials science combined with computational design, electrochemistry, and battery engineering, all to propel the Ca battery technology to reality and ultimately reach its full potential for energy storage.

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Section: Historical Perspective (−2015): a Myriad Of Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects of Calcium Batteries

et al. 2019

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“…Ca-SO2Cl2 cells showed discharge voltages ~0.4 V higher than Ca-SOCl2 (~3.2 vs. 2.8 V, 0.1 mA/cm 2 ) [44] but ionic conductivities were significantly lower. [45] Subsequent studies probed the electrolyte environment using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements [46] and Raman spectroscopy [47] at varying salt concentrations with SO2 present at saturation levels. 17 O NMR revealed that O atoms in SO2Cl2 normally coordinate Ca 2+ , as expected given the strong oxophilicity of Ca.…”

Section: Early Understanding Of Ca Anodes and Ca 2+ Solvation In Primmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is also worth noting that the interface in Ca primary batteries containing SOCl2 or SO2Cl2 consisted primarily of CaCl2. [36,45,49] Unlike the Li SEI, which is Li + conducting, (Fig. 2), CaCl2 is mostly an anion (Cl -)-conductor (anion transference number of ~ 0.9).…”

Section: Early Understanding Of Ca Anodes and Ca 2+ Solvation In Primmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Understanding of Nonaqueous Electrolytes for Calcium‐Based Batteries

Melemed

Khurram

Gallant

2020

Batteries & Supercaps

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Calcium metal batteries are receiving growing research attention due to significant breakthroughs in recent years that have indicated reversible Ca plating/stripping with attractive Coulombic efficiencies (90-95%), once thought to be out of reach. While the Ca anode is often described as being surface filmcontrolled, the ability to access reversible Ca electrochemistry is highly electrolyte-dependent in general, which affects both interfacial chemistry on plated Ca along with more fundamental Ca 2+ /Ca redox properties. This mini-review describes recent progress towards a reversible Ca anode from the point of view of the most successful electrolyte chemistries identified to date. This includes, centrally, what is currently known about the Ca 2+ solvation environment in these systems. Experimental (physico-chemical and spectroscopy) and computational results are summarized for the two major solvent classescarbonates and ethers-that have yielded promising results so far. Current knowledge gaps and opportunities to improve fundamental understanding of Ca 2+ /Ca redox are also identified.

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“…This layer forms immediately upon contact of the electrode with the electrolyte [11] and acts as a solid electrolyte, inhibiting the passage of electrons while allowing ions to conduct through the layer. Peled and coworkers built on this publication with several studies on the SEI on various materials [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Dahn et al studied the cycling of lithium/graphite and lithium/carbon coke cells in ethylene carbonate (EC) and PC electrolytes.…”

Section: Introduction To Lithium Batteries and The Solid Electrolyte ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical studies of the solid electrolyte interphase on anodes in lithium and lithium ion batteries

et al. 2021

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A stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer is key to high performing lithium ion and lithium metal batteries for metrics such as calendar and cycle life. The SEI must be mechanically robust to withstand large volumetric changes in anode materials such as lithium and silicon, so understanding the mechanical properties and behavior of the SEI is essential for the rational design of artificial SEI and anode form factors. The mechanical properties and mechanical failure of the SEI are challenging to study, because the SEI is thin at only ~10–200 nm thick and is air sensitive. Furthermore, the SEI changes as a function of electrode material, electrolyte and additives, temperature, potential, and formation protocols. A variety of in situ and ex situ techniques have been used to study the mechanics of the SEI on a variety of lithium ion battery anode candidates; however, there has not been a succinct review of the findings thus far. Because of the difficulty of isolating the true SEI and its mechanical properties, there have been a limited number of studies that can fully de-convolute the SEI from the anode it forms on. A review of past research will be helpful for culminating current knowledge and helping to inspire new innovations to better quantify and understand the mechanical behavior of the SEI. This review will summarize the different experimental and theoretical techniques used to study the mechanics of SEI on common lithium battery anodes and their strengths and weaknesses.

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Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) electrodes Part VI: Calcium-Ca(AlCl4)2-sulfuryl chloride system

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects of Calcium Batteries

Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects of Calcium Batteries

Current Understanding of Nonaqueous Electrolytes for Calcium‐Based Batteries

Mechanical studies of the solid electrolyte interphase on anodes in lithium and lithium ion batteries

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