Solid-Phase Extraction of Polar Benzotriazoles as Environmental Pollutants: A Review

Abstract

Polar benzotriazoles are corrosion inhibitors with widespread use; they are environmentally characterized as emerging pollutants in the water system, where they are present in low concentrations. Various extraction methods have been used for their separation from various matrices, ranging from classical liquid–liquid extractions to various microextraction techniques, but the most frequently applied extraction technique remains the solid-phase extraction (SPE), which is the focus of this review. We present an overview of the methods, developed in the last decade, applied for the determination of benzotriazoles in aqueous and solid environmental samples. Several other matrices, such as human urine and plant material, are also considered in the text. The methods are reviewed according to the determined compounds, sample matrices, cartridges and eluents used, extraction recoveries and the achieved limits of quantification. A critical evaluation of the advantages and drawbacks of the published methods is given.

Development of a Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Followed by LC-MS/MS for Determination of Benzotriazoles in Environmental Waters

“…As seen from Table 4, LODs and LOQs are sufficiently low to cover the expected range of concentrations in wastewater, 14,15 while using only 5 mL of sample, which is much lower compared to sample volumes usually required for SPE. 3,6,[21][22][23][24][25] Extraction efficiency, given as enrichment factor (EF), is calculated by comparing concentration in the extract and initial concentration in sample. It is obvious that EFs for the most polar analytes (OHBZ, BTZ) are lower than EFs for the other analytes, which results from their lower solubility in the non-polar extraction solvent.…”

“…The most frequently used method is solid-phase extraction (SPE). 3,6,[21][22][23][24][25] Stirbar sorptive extraction (SBSE) 26 and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] have also been applied.…”

Choline Chloride Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as Extraction Media for Extracting Phenolic Compounds from Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa)

“…For the extraction and separation, various extraction methods were previously developed/studied within our group [15][16][17][18]. Likewise, various extraction methods using organic solvents have been developed and published for the extraction and separation of chokeberry phenolic compounds, including the traditional maceration method [19], ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) [4] and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) [9].…”

Development of an Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Technique for the Extraction of Natural Coloring Substance Chlorophyll from Leaves of <i>Carica papaya</i>

“…Now the beaker that was containing the filtrate was removed and another different solution was used in this stage of elution which contained 75 mL of ethanol with 25 mL of deionized water. Following solution added, eluted the desired analyte out of the sorbent and was collected in the receiving vial 21,22 .…”