Solid phase extractive preconcentration coupled to gas chromatography–atomic emission detection for the determination of chlorophenols in water samples

Abstract

a b s t r a c tSolid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by derivatization and gas chromatography-atomic emission detection (GC-AED) was evaluated for the determination of five chlorophenols (CPs) in water samples. The derivatization was based on the esterification of phenolic compounds with ferrocenecarboxylic acid. The determination of the derivatized phenols was performed by GC-AED in the iron selective detection mode at 302 nm. The described method was tested on spiked water samples.The overall method gave detection limits of 1.6-3.7 ng L −1 and recoveries of 90.9-104.5% for the examined mono-to trichlorophenols in 10 mL water samples. The CPs extracted from a 10 mL water sample with SPE were concentrated into 100 L of organic solvent, a preconcentration factor of 100. The method was applied to lake and tap water samples, and CP contents between 6 and 51 ng L −1 in lake water and between below the detection limit and 8 ng L −1 in tap water were found for different CPs. The method is quick, simple and gives excellent recoveries, limits of detection and standard deviations.

Sorption of chlorophenols on microporous minerals: mechanism and influence of metal cations, solution pH, and humic acid

“…2-Chlorophenol (2-CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) are among the most commonly detected chlorophenols in water (Kadmi et al 2015). The detected concentrations of chlorophenols in freshwaters and drinking waters range from low nanograms per liter to low micrograms per liter (Kawaguchi et al 2005;Elci et al 2011), while they occur at nanograms per liter to micrograms per liter, even up to milligrams per liter, in wastewaters (Quintana et al 2007;Regueiro et al 2009;Limam et al 2010). Although the member countries of European Union (EU) have restricted the use of chlorophenols, they are still widely used in many countries, including the United States (US) and China (Holopainen et al 2013;Igbinosa et al 2013).…”

“…The current drinking water guideline values in the US for 2-CP and 2,4-DCP are 0.1 and 0.5 μg/L, respectively (Pera-Titus et al 2004). The EU has set target limits in drinking water of 0.5 and 0.1 μg/L for total content of chlorophenols and individual ones, respectively (Peng et al 2007;Elci et al 2011).…”

Preparation of magnetic mesoporous carbon from polystyrene-grafted magnetic nanoparticles for rapid extraction of chlorophenols from water samples

“…Several pre-treatment methods for enrichment of CPs have been reported, including solid-phase-extraction (SPE), [4][5][6] solid phase microextraction (SPME), [7][8][9] liquid-liquid-liquidmicroextraction (LLLME), 10,11 and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE).…”

Direct analysis of eight chlorophenols in urine by large volume injection online turbulent flow solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography with multiple wavelength ultraviolet detection

“…Highly chlorinated phenols are persistent [9,10]. Many countries and international organizations [11,12] have limited their maximum concentrations in drinking water. CPs can easily enter the human body via dermal, dietary, or aqueous absorption [13], and are partially excreted via urine.…”