Solid-State Rotary Friction-Welded Tungsten and Mild Steel Joints

Abstract

This paper is a study of the microstructure and other selected properties of solid-state, high-speed, rotary friction-welded tungsten and mild steel (S355) joints. Due to the high affinity of tungsten for oxygen, the welding process was carried out in a chamber with an argon protective atmosphere. Joints of suitable quality were obtained without any macroscopic defects and discontinuities. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the phase transformations taking place during the friction welding process. Chemical compositions in the interfaces of the welded joints were determined by using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The microstructure of friction welds consisted of a few zones, fine equiaxed grains (formed due to dynamic recrystallization) and ultrafine grains in the region on the steel side. A plastic deformation in the direction of the flash was visible mainly on the steel side. EDS-SEM scan line analyses across the interface did not confirm the diffusion of tungsten to iron. The nature of the friction welding dissimilar joint is non-equilibrium based on deep plastic deformation without visible diffusive processes in the interface zone. The absence of intermetallic phases was found in the weld interface during SEM observations. Mechanical properties of the friction-welded joint were defined using the Vickers hardness test and the instrumented indentation test (IIT). The results are presented in the form of a distribution in the longitudinal plane of the welded joint. The fracture during strength tests occurred mainly through the cleavage planes at the interface of the tungsten grain close to the friction surface.

Mechanical Performance and Microstructural Evolution of Rotary Friction Welding of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and Polycarbonate Rods

“…According to the research results, the remarkable findings provide potential industrial values in the polymer-welding industry, since the RFW of dissimilar polymer rods is a green manufacturing method based on four sustainable development goals, i.e., SDGS 7, 8, 9, and 12 [33][34][35][36][37]. In particular, the RFW of polymer rods can be applied for joining the fluid me- According to the research results, the remarkable findings provide potential industrial values in the polymer-welding industry, since the RFW of dissimilar polymer rods is a green manufacturing method based on four sustainable development goals, i.e., SDG S 7, 8, 9, and 12 [33][34][35][36][37]. In particular, the RFW of polymer rods can be applied for joining the fluid mechanical components, automotive components, axle shafts, or aerospace components [38,39].…”

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Solid-State Rotary Friction Welded Inconel 713C and 32CrMo4 Steel Joints Used in a Turbocharger Rotor

“…In previous works, Skowrońska et al [ 29 ] found that the character of the weld in a dissimilar joint is based on deep plastic deformation without visible diffusive processes in the interface zone. Xie et al [ 30 ] analysed the effects of welding parameters on microstructure, tensile strength, and microhardness in RFWed joints produced without upset forging on pure molybdenium rods.…”

Friction Welding of Polycarbonate Plate and Aluminum Foam Fabricated by Precursor Foaming Process

“…Hangai et al have attempted to join porous aluminum fabricated by the sintering and dissolution process (SDP) [22][23][24][25][26] to polycarbonate (PCTA) and acrylic resin plates by friction welding [27][28][29]. Friction welding [30,31] is a simple and productive joining method, which is one of the solid-state welding methods [32][33][34][35], allowing strong joining without melting the material. The porous aluminum is rotated at a high rotating rate and pressed against the PCTA plate to soften the PCTA by frictional heat, which allows the PCTA to penetrate the pores, joining them by the anchor effect.…”