Solubility of fullerene (C60) in a variety of solvents

Ruoff, Rodney S.; Tse, Doris S.; Malhotra, Ripudaman; Lorents, D. C.

doi:10.1021/j100115a049

Cited by 1,077 publications

(835 citation statements)

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“…However, such progress has been at a slower pace than the aforementioned low band-gap polymers, perhaps due to the inherent tendency of polymers to prefer hole conduction 28 and the difficulties of working with weakly soluble fullerenes. 78 Phenyl-C 71 -butyric acid methyl ester (PC 71 BM) has proved useful 79 due to its increased light absorption at higher wavelengths with respect to PC 61 BM. 80 Of particular note are the ''bisPCBM" acceptors, which demonstrated that the fullerene sphere can actually be improved as an acceptor, due to band modifications, when substituted more than once.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Block copolymer strategies for solar cell technology

Topham¹,

Parnell²,

Hiorns³

2011

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

186

169

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A simple overview of the methods used and the expected benefits of block copolymers in organic photovoltaic devices is given in this review. The description of the photovoltaic process makes it clear how the detailed self-assembly properties of block copolymers can be exploited. Organic photovoltaic technology, an inexpensive, clean and renewable energy source, is an extremely promising option for replacing fossil fuels. It is expected to deliver printable devices processed on flexible substrates using high-volume techniques. Such devices, however, currently lack the long-term stability and efficiency to allow organic photovoltaics to surpass current technologies. Block copolymers are envisaged to help overcome these obstacles because of their long term structural stability and their solid-state morphology being of the appropriate dimensions to efficiently perform charge collection and transfer to electrodes.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Block copolymer strategies for solar cell technology

Topham¹,

Parnell²,

Hiorns³

2011

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

186

169

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“…With solubility of less than 10 −9 mg/L, powdered C 60 is virtually insoluble in water. An investigation of 47 solvents has shown that the best solvents for solubilization of C 60 have similar physical properties to the fullerenes: high refractive index, dielectric constant near 4 and large molecular volume [17]. However, organic solvents suitable for the solubilization of C 60 are not appropriate to introduce exogenous compounds into biological systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solubilization of fullerene C60 in micellar solutions of different solubilizers

Torres

Poša

Srdjenović

et al. 2011

Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces

112

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a b s t r a c tFullerene (C 60 ), the third carbon allotrope, is a classical engineered material with the potential application in biomedicine. However, extremely high hydrophobicity of fullerene hampers its direct biomedical evaluation and application. In this work, we investigated the solubilization of fullerene using 9 different solubility enhancers: Tween 20, Tween 60, Tween 80, Triton X-100, PVP, polyoxyethylene (10) lauryl ether, n-dodecyl trimethylammonium chloride, myristyl trimethylammonium bromide and sodium dodecyl sulphate and evaluated its antioxidant activity in biorelevant media. The presence of C 60 entrapped in surfactant micelles was confirmed by UV/VIS spectrometry. The efficacy of each modifier was evaluated by chemometric analysis using experimental data for investigating the relationship between solubilization and particle size distribution. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis was applied and showed that non-ionic surfactants provide better solubilization efficacy (>85%). A correlation was established (r = 0.975) between the degree of solubilization and the surfactant structure. This correlation may be used for prediction of C 60 solubilization with non-tested solubility modifiers. Since the main potential biomedical applications of fullerene are based on its free radical quenching ability, we tested the antioxidant potential of fullerene micellar solutions. Lipid peroxidation tests showed that the micellar solutions of fullerene with Triton and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether kept high radical scavenging activity, comparable to that of aqueous suspension of fullerene and BHT. The results of this work provide a platform for further solubilization and testing of pristine fullerene and its hydrophobic derivatives in a biological benign environment.

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“…C 60 films (60 nm) were thermally evaporated onto glass substrates in a vacuum chamber at a pressure of 5 × 10 −4 Pa. Chloroform (CHCl 3 ), n-hexane (n-C 6 H 12 ), and ethanol (EtOH) were used to form the nanostructures (Table 1) [25]. The solvent spin-coating method involved 100 µl of solvent being dropped onto an evaporated C 60 film (60 nm thick) and spin-coated at 2000 rpm for 60 sec.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpenetrating heterojunction photovoltaic cells based on C60 nano-crystallized thin films

Kohei

Shahiduzzaman

Yamamoto

et al. 2016

Organic Electronics

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An interpenetrating heterojunction (IHJ) structure facilitates efficient charge separation and transport in the active layer of organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs). Additionally, the recombination of generated carriers in IHJs is reduced as these networks exhibit high carrier transport with minimal recombination sites. We have developed a simple method to fabricate nanocrystallized fullerene (C 60 ) films, which are produced by subjecting evaporated C 60 films to either solvent spin-coating or solvent vapor annealing (SVA). The size of the rod-shaped nanocrystals in the films were controlled by changing the solvent and annealing time.An 80-nm-diameter size nanocrystallized C 60 film that was fabricated using SVA with ethanol was incorporated as an acceptor material in an inverted IHJ OPV cell.Tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP) was evaporated onto the nanocrystallized C 60 film as the donor material. The power conversion efficiency of an IHJ OPV cell (ITO/TiOx/nanocrystallized C 60 film/DBP/MoO 3 /Au) increased from 1.79% to 2.12%, when compared with the conventional PHJ OPV cell.

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Solubility of fullerene (C60) in a variety of solvents

Cited by 1,077 publications

References 0 publications

Block copolymer strategies for solar cell technology

Block copolymer strategies for solar cell technology

Solubilization of fullerene C60 in micellar solutions of different solubilizers

Interpenetrating heterojunction photovoltaic cells based on C60 nano-crystallized thin films

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