“…These include Protein-Sol (Hebditch et al, 2017) and SoDoPe (Bhandari et al, 2020). The mentioned tools use the primary structure as input and calculate various sequence-based features (e.g., hydrophobicity, charge, kmer frequencies, disorder), and they use various machine learning techniques: support vector machines (Agostini et al, 2014), gradient boosting machines (Rawi et al, 2018;Hon et al, 2021), neural networks (Khurana et al, 2018;Raimondi et al, 2020), or other statistical methods (Smialowski et al, 2012;Hebditch et al, 2017;Bhandari et al, 2020). However, all these tools (with the exception of Protein-Sol) have been developed especially with the host Escherichia coli in mind, and it is an open question whether their results can be generalized to other production organisms.…”