Solution‐Based, Anion‐Doping of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ Nanoflowers for Lithium‐Ion Battery Applications

Abstract

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Probing the Physicochemical Behavior of Variously Doped Li4Ti5O12Nanoflowers

“…As such, to the best of our knowledge, the work herein presents a thorough investigation, for the first time, of the “triple doping” of LTO using a facile and high-yield hydrothermal method, previously developed by this group. 4 Specifically, as relevant prior studies and justification for our approach, we have previously demonstrated in LTO systems that (a) Ca 2+ can successfully substitute into the Li + site, 13 and separately, that (b) Cl – can be inserted into the O 2– site. 4 As an added level of sophistication, our group improved upon the intrinsic stability of LTO by rational morphological manipulation by either (i) using a micron-scale “flower-like” morphology or (ii) combining LTO with carbon nanotubes.…”

“… 4 Specifically, as relevant prior studies and justification for our approach, we have previously demonstrated in LTO systems that (a) Ca 2+ can successfully substitute into the Li + site, 13 and separately, that (b) Cl – can be inserted into the O 2– site. 4 As an added level of sophistication, our group improved upon the intrinsic stability of LTO by rational morphological manipulation by either (i) using a micron-scale “flower-like” morphology or (ii) combining LTO with carbon nanotubes. To these LTO motifs, we initiated doping of LTO at the Li site and the O site with Ca 2+ and Cl – , respectively ( Table S2 ).…”

“…On the other hand, LTO suffers from both low intrinsic conductivity 1 (10 –13 –10 –9 S/cm) in addition to sluggish Li diffusion kinetics, all of which can hinder its overall applicability. 4 …”

“…To these LTO motifs, we initiated doping of LTO at the Li site and the O site with Ca 2+ and Cl – , respectively ( Table S2 ). 4 , 13 , 14 …”

Ultrathin [110]‐Confined Li4Ti5O12 Nanoflakes for High Rate Lithium Storage

“…So far, numerous strategies have been developed to enhance the ionic‐diffusion property and conductivity of LTO, with the main efforts focused on surface coating/modification/reconstruction, [ 16–18 ] ionic doping, [ 19 ] particle‐size reduction, [ 20 ] and structural design. [ 21,22 ] However, both coating and doping are accompanied by the problems of impurities and side reactions.…”