Solution processed liquid metal-conducting polymer hybrid thin films as electrochemical pH-threshold indicators

Mitraka, Evangelia; Kergoat, Loïg; Khan, Zia Ullah; Fabiano, Simone; Douhéret, Olivier; Leclère, Ph.; Nilsson, Marie; Ersman, Peter Andersson; Gustafsson, G.; Lazzaroni, Roberto; Berggren, Magnus; Crispin, Xavier

doi:10.1039/c5tc00753d

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…To address this issue, gramicidin and bacteriorhodopsin have been integrated as gating elements with carbon nanotubes 24 , silicon nanowires 25 and organic field effect transistors 26 to develop biosensors with increased functionality. Organic polymers 27 28 29 with ionic 30 31 and mixed conductivity have been used to record and stimulate physiological functions and even assembled into logic circuits 32 . We have recently demonstrated control of H + flow in bioprotonic field effect transistors (H + -FETs) 33 34 35 and memories 36 , and integrated these devices with enzymatic logic gates 37 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic control of H+ current in a bioprotonic device with Gramicidin A and Alamethicin

et al. 2016

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In biological systems, intercellular communication is mediated by membrane proteins and ion channels that regulate traffic of ions and small molecules across cell membranes. A bioelectronic device with ion channels that control ionic flow across a supported lipid bilayer (SLB) should therefore be ideal for interfacing with biological systems. Here, we demonstrate a biotic–abiotic bioprotonic device with Pd contacts that regulates proton (H+) flow across an SLB incorporating the ion channels Gramicidin A (gA) and Alamethicin (ALM). We model the device characteristics using the Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz (GHK) solution to the Nernst–Planck equation for transport across the membrane. We derive the permeability for an SLB integrating gA and ALM and demonstrate pH control as a function of applied voltage and membrane permeability. This work opens the door to integrating more complex H+ channels at the Pd contact interface to produce responsive biotic–abiotic devices with increased functionality.

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confidence: 99%

Electronic control of H+ current in a bioprotonic device with Gramicidin A and Alamethicin

et al. 2016

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“…Modifying LM surfaces via covalent or hydrogen bonds with polymer or other macromolecules also helps increase the stability of LM suspensions. [76,79,[105][106][107][108] For example, thiol groups (e.g., 1-dodecanethiol) can form thiol-metal bonds directly on the LM surface, although this coating does not fully prevent oxidation. [51,56] In addition, various chemical ligands (cf.…”

Section: Surface Modification Using Ligand Bindingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Modification of Gallium‐Based Liquid Metals: Mechanisms and Applications in Biomedical Sensors and Soft Actuators

Kwon

Truong

Krisnadi

et al. 2020

Advanced Intelligent Systems

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This review focuses on surface modifications of liquid metal (LM). Gallium (Ga) and Ga-based LMs show the promising ability to maintain metallic properties under large mechanical strains when encapsulated inside an elastomer matrix. [1-7] This property is useful in a variety of applications, including wearable/deformable devices, sensors, and soft actuators-the focus of this special issue. There are several motives for creating soft and stretchable devices. For example, devices that are soft and flexible can make conformal contact to human skin for continuous and long-term monitoring. [8-11] Likewise, devices assembled on or within soft robots can maintain function during actuation (bending or stretching) while sensing dynamic motion. Conventional conductors in electronic systems are typically rigid (e.g., copper) and thus poorly suited for soft and stretchable devices. To address this issue, efforts have been taken to create stretchable and deformable conductors using thin metal films with special geometries [12-14] (e.g., pop-up and serpentine electrodes) on a deformable substrate or polymer composites filled with conductive nanomaterials in a stretchable matrix. [15,16] These approaches effectively render rigid materials stretchable through clever engineering of their geometry. However, due to the inherently nonstretchable nature of solid metal films or solid conductive particles, these components/inclusions would add to the overall rigidity of the composite and limit their deformability. LMs are interesting as stretchable conductors because they have metallic conductivity and deformability defined primarily by the encasing material (e.g., elastomer).

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“…More recent developments in LM microfluidics have been directed towards 3D printing of microfluidic channels and applications of LM in antennas and resonators, electrodes and metamaterials . In addition, there has been an increased focus on exploring different phenomena like electro‐chemistry, wettability, and interfaces of LMs. Recent developments in stretchable electronics with LM is the focus of a companion report and will not be reviewed here.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft Multifunctional Composites and Emulsions with Liquid Metals

2017

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Binary mixtures of liquid metal (LM) or low-melting-point alloy (LMPA) in an elastomeric or fluidic carrier medium can exhibit unique combinations of electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. This emerging class of soft multifunctional composites have potential applications in wearable computing, bio-inspired robotics, and shape-programmable architectures. The dispersion phase can range from dilute droplets to connected networks that support electrical conductivity. In contrast to deterministically patterned LM microfluidics, LMPA- and LM-embedded elastomer (LMEE) composites are statistically homogenous and exhibit effective bulk properties. Eutectic Ga-In (EGaIn) and Ga-In-Sn (Galinstan) alloys are typically used due to their high conductivity, low viscosity, negligible nontoxicity, and ability to wet to nonmetallic materials. Because they are liquid-phase, these alloys can alter the electrical and thermal properties of the composite while preserving the mechanics of the surrounding medium. For composites with LMPA inclusions (e.g., Field's metal, Pb-based solder), mechanical rigidity can be actively tuned with external heating or electrical activation. This progress report, reviews recent experimental and theoretical studies of this emerging class of soft material architectures and identifies current technical challenges and opportunities for further advancement.

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Solution processed liquid metal-conducting polymer hybrid thin films as electrochemical pH-threshold indicators

Cited by 14 publications

References 45 publications

Electronic control of H+ current in a bioprotonic device with Gramicidin A and Alamethicin

Electronic control of H+ current in a bioprotonic device with Gramicidin A and Alamethicin

Surface Modification of Gallium‐Based Liquid Metals: Mechanisms and Applications in Biomedical Sensors and Soft Actuators

Soft Multifunctional Composites and Emulsions with Liquid Metals

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