A systematic
investigation of the solvent co-adsorption effect
on the self-assembly of 3,8-dibromo-6-(hexadecyloxy)phenanthridine
(3,8-BHP) was performed at the liquid/graphite interface by scanning
tunneling microscopy. 1-Octanoic acid, n-tetradecane, n-pentadecane, n-hexadecane, and n-heptadecane were chosen as the solvents. 3,8-BHP molecules
formed the same twist-shaped nanopattern by forming intermolecular
Br···N and Br···H bonds in all the solvents
at high solution concentrations. The co-adsorption of 1-octanoic acid
solvents at low concentrations changed the molecular arrangement by
forming the stronger molecule–solvent COOH···N
and C–H···O–H(COOH) hydrogen bonds. n-Pentadecane, n-hexadecane, and n-heptadecane also co-adsorbed in the adlayers at low concentrations,
which resulted in the change in intermolecular interactions. In n-pentadecane and n-hexadecane solvents,
the molecular packing and intermolecular interactions in the two-row
lamella of 3,8-BHP were the same, in which the intermolecular C–H···Br
hydrogen bonds and Br···Br interactions were the main
driving forces. The difference among the nanostructures in n-pentadecane and n-hexadecane solvents
depended on the number and length of the alkyl chain of the co-adsorbed
solvents, which determined the probability of single-row lamellae.
The results demonstrate that the molecule–solvent van der Waals
forces are strong enough to transform the intermolecular forces involving
bromine groups. Our work will help to understand the importance of
the solvent co-adsorption effect on the change of halogen-based bonds
associated with the position of the bromine substituent for the construction
of polymorphic self-assembled structures.