Solvent exfoliation stabilizes TiS<sub>2</sub> nanosheets against oxidation, facilitating lithium storage applications

Vega‐Mayoral, Victor; Tian, Ruiyuan; Kelly, Adam G.; Griffin, Aideen; Harvey, Andrew; Borrelli, Mino; Nisi, Katharina; Backes, Claudia; Coleman, Jonathan N.

doi:10.1039/c8nr09446b

Cited by 48 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…After a number of annealing steps, we obtained a black polycrystalline substance which powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis ( Figure 1A, and Figure S1 and Table S1, Supporting Information) showed to be 97% SnP 3 with 3% Sn 3 P 4 as a minority phase. Such bulk samples can be converted into nanosheets (see Figure 1b for structure) using liquid phase exfoliation [9,30,[34][35][36] by sonicating the powder in N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) before removing unexfoliated material by centrifugation. The resulting sample was a black liquid with a solid content of 1-3 g L −1 ( Figure 1B).…”

Section: Liquid Exfoliation Of Snpmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies have shown that liquid‐processed, exfoliated nanosheets yield electrodes with much better capacity and stability than those fabricated from unexfoliated layered particles. [ 27 ] In addition, it has been shown that replacing the conductive additive and binder with a network of carbon nanotubes can maximize charge storage capacity for electrodes fabricated from both 2D [ 28–30 ] and non‐2D [ 18 ] based electrodes. In addition, the presence of nanotubes toughens the electrode dramatically, increasing the achievable film thickness, and significantly increases the conductivity, [ 31 ] laying the foundations for good rate performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid Exfoliated SnP₃ Nanosheets for Very High Areal Capacity Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Tian

Griffin

McCrystall

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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very important goal within this field is to continuously improve the performance of lithium-ion batteries. For example, increasing battery energy densities will accelerate the rollout of electric vehicles [1] and improve the potential for bulk energy storage. [2] Thus, battery electrode development is an important part of the technological component of climate stabilization. A significant component of battery research is the development of new electrode materials. [3] Among other things, such materials should have high specific lithium storage capacity combined with the potential to display high rate performance. [4] Ideally, they would also have the capability to store other ions beyond lithium, such as sodium or potassium. [5] Recently, much attention has focused on 2D layered materials for use in both anodes and cathodes. [6,7] Such 2D materials consist of van der Waals bonded few-layer stacks of atomically thin sheets with the most wellknown examples being graphene, boron nitride, and MoS 2. [8] Increasing the energy density of lithium-ion batteries requires the discovery of new electrode materials capable of achieving very high areal capacity. Here, liquid phase exfoliation is used to produce nanosheets of SnP 3 , a 2D material with extremely high theoretical capacity of 1670 mAh g −1. These nanosheets can be fabricated into solution-processed thin films for use as lithium storing anodes. To maximize their performance, carbon nanotubes are incorporated into the electrodes to simultaneously enhance conductivity and toughness. As a result, electrodes of thickness >300 µm can be produced, which display activemass-normalized capacities (≈1657 mAh g −1 Active) very close to the theoretical value. These materials show maximum specific (≈1250 mAh g −1 Electrode) and areal (>20 mAh cm −2) capacities, which are at the state-of-the-art for 2D-based electrodes, coupled with good rate performance and stability. In combination with commercial cathode materials, full-cells are fabricated with areal capacities of ≈29 mAh cm −2 and near-record energy densities approaching 1000 Wh L −1 .

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Section: Liquid Exfoliation Of Snpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Exfoliated SnP₃ Nanosheets for Very High Areal Capacity Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Tian

Griffin

McCrystall

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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“…In addition, potential degradation due to chemical reactions with water and air can be supressed as demonstrated for black phosphorous 24 and TiS2. 40 Dispersions obtained by LPE are intrinsically polydisperse, containing nanosheets with broad size and thickness distributions. To gain insights into size-dependent properties, a method for size selection is required.…”

Section: Exfoliation and Size Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior to the measurement, samples were refreshed by bath sonication to avoid potential impact from sedimentation similar to previous work. 23,24,40,57 Extinction spectra from the small-sized sheets (3-10k g) stored at 20°C and 40°C for up to 488 hours are shown in figure 5A and 5B, respectively. Extinction and absorbance spectra of other sizes and storage conditions are shown in the SI (Figure S10, S12).…”

Section: Stability Of Ni2p2s6 Nanosheetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Exfoliation of Ni₂P₂S₆: Structural Characterization, Size-Dependent Properties, and Degradation

et al. 2019

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Reducing the size of a material, from a bulk solid to a nanomaterial, may lead to drastic changes of various properties including reactivity and optical properties. Chemical reactivity is often increased due to the nanomaterial’s higher effective surface area, while confinement and geometric effects lead to systematic changes in optical properties. Here, we investigate the size-dependent properties of Ni2P2S6 nanosheets that were obtained from liquid phase exfoliation in N-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone. The as-obtained stock dispersion was size-selected by liquid cascade centrifugation resulting in fractions with distinct size and thickness distributions, as quantified by statistical atomic force microscopy. Raman, TEM, XRD, and XPS characterization revealed that the exfoliated flakes have good crystallinity and high structural integrity across all sizes. The optical extinction and absorbance spectra systematically change with the lateral dimensions and layer number, respectively. Linking these changes to nanosheet dimensions allows us to establish quantitative metrics for size and thickness from optical properties. To gain insights into the environmental stability, extinction/absorbance behavior was followed as a function of time at different storage temperatures. Degradation is observed following first-order kinetics, and activation energies were extracted from the temperature dependent data. The decomposition is due to oxidation which appears to occur both at edges and on the basal plane.

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“…[21][22][23] This method yields dispersions with nanosheet concentrations of ~gL -nanosheets with broad size distributions, 18,27 ensembles with large monolayer fractions can be also produced after size selection. 17,18 Due to its simplicity and scalability, 22,28 LPE has been applied to a range of 2D materials including graphene, [29][30][31] BN, 32,33 TMDs, 21,[34][35][36] GaS, 37 InSe, 38 SnS 39 or GeTe 40 among others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Length- and Thickness-Dependent Optical Response of Liquid-Exfoliated Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

et al. 2019

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Due to their reduced dimensionality, 2D materials show intriguing optical properties and strong light matter interaction. In particular group VI transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been extensively studied and proof of principle optical applications demonstrated. Most studies to date focus on individual mono-or bilayered micromechanically-exfoliated samples which often display significant variations between flakes. In this work, we study size-dependent optical properties of four group VI TMD materials; WS2; MoS2; WSe2 and MoSe2, each consisting of ensembles of nanosheets suspended in the liquid environment. Samples were produced by liquid phase exfoliation and size-selected using cascade centrifugation with size and layer number distributions quantified by statistical atomic force microscopy. Differences in lateral size and layer number are 2 reflected in systematic changes in the optical extinction and absorbance spectra, which we exploit to establish quantitative spectroscopic metrics to facilitate measurement of nanosheet dimensions for each of the four materials. The lowest energy resonance, referred to as Aexciton, is analyzed in more detail. In all cases, an exponential red-shift with increasing layer number is observed. Our experimental data, backed up with first principle calculations, reveals that the magnitude of the shift is dependent on the molecular mass of the central metal atom (W, Mo), while the rate at which the peak shifts from monolayer to bulk depends on the band gap of the semiconductor.

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Solvent exfoliation stabilizes TiS₂ nanosheets against oxidation, facilitating lithium storage applications

Abstract: Titanium disulfide is a promising material for a range of applications, including lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes.

Cited by 48 publications

References 67 publications

Liquid Exfoliated SnP₃ Nanosheets for Very High Areal Capacity Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Liquid Exfoliated SnP₃ Nanosheets for Very High Areal Capacity Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Liquid Exfoliation of Ni₂P₂S₆: Structural Characterization, Size-Dependent Properties, and Degradation

Length- and Thickness-Dependent Optical Response of Liquid-Exfoliated Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

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Solvent exfoliation stabilizes TiS2 nanosheets against oxidation, facilitating lithium storage applications

Abstract: Titanium disulfide is a promising material for a range of applications, including lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes.

Cited by 48 publications

References 67 publications

Liquid Exfoliated SnP3 Nanosheets for Very High Areal Capacity Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Liquid Exfoliated SnP3 Nanosheets for Very High Areal Capacity Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Liquid Exfoliation of Ni2P2S6: Structural Characterization, Size-Dependent Properties, and Degradation

Length- and Thickness-Dependent Optical Response of Liquid-Exfoliated Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

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Solvent exfoliation stabilizes TiS₂ nanosheets against oxidation, facilitating lithium storage applications

Liquid Exfoliated SnP₃ Nanosheets for Very High Areal Capacity Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Liquid Exfoliated SnP₃ Nanosheets for Very High Areal Capacity Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Liquid Exfoliation of Ni₂P₂S₆: Structural Characterization, Size-Dependent Properties, and Degradation