Solvent reactivation of hydroxypropyl cellulose (Klucel G<sup>®</sup>) in textile conservation: Recent developments

Gill, Kate; Boersma, Foekje

doi:10.1080/01410096.1997.9995111

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The adhesive is sold in Japan under the name Nisso HPC® by Nippon Soda Co. Ltd. (Butler & Klug 1980). Klucel G® seems to possess excellent photochemical stability but loses its degree of polymerization over time, which may be beneficial for the reversibility of the adhesive; therefore, Gill & Boersma (1997) suggested a stability of 20-100 years for this polymer in textile restoration. Klucel G® is soluble both in water and ethanol below 38°C; a 7% solution in water with 5% ethanol is recommended for mounting labels on slides.…”

Section: Gluementioning

confidence: 99%

Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations

Neuhaus

Schmid

Riedel

2017

Zootaxa

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A wide range of aspects concerning microscope slides, their preparation, long-time storage, curatorial measures in collections, deterioration, restoration, and study is summarized based on our own data and by analyzing more than 600 references from the 19th century until 2016, 15 patents, and about 100 Materials Safety Data Sheets. Information from systematic zoology, conservation sciences, chemistry, forensic sciences, pathology, paleopathology, applied sciences like food industry, and most recent advances in digital imaging are put together in order to obtain a better understanding of which and possibly why mounting media and coverslip seals deteriorate, how slides can be salvaged, which studies may be necessary to identify a range of ideal mounting media, and how microscope studies can benefit from improvements in developmental biology and related fields. We also elaborate on confusing usage of concepts like that of maceration and of clearing. The chemical ingredients of a range of mounting media and coverslip seals are identified as much as possible from published data, but this information suffers in so far as the composition of a medium is often proprietary of the manufacturer and may vary over time. Advantages, disadvantages, and signs of deterioration are documented extensively for these media both from references and from our own observations. It turns out that many media degrade within a few years, or decades at the latest, except Canada balsam with a documented life-time of 150 years, Euparal with a documented life-time of 50 years, and glycerol-paraffin mounts sealed with Glyceel, which represents almost the only non-deteriorating and easily reversible mount. Deterioration reveals itself as a yellowing in natural resins and as cracking, crystallization, shrinkage on drying or possibly on loss of a plasticizer, detachment of the coverslip, segregation of the ingredients in synthetic polymers, as well as continued maceration of a specimen to a degree that the specimen virtually disappears. Confusingly, decay does not always appear equally within a collection of slides mounted at the same time in the same medium. The reasons for the deteriorative processes have been discussed but are controversial especially for gum-chloral media. Comparing data from conservation sciences, chemical handbooks, and documented ingredients, we discuss here how far chemical and physical deterioration probably are inherent to many media and are caused by the chemical and physical properties of their components and by chemicals dragged along from previous preparation steps like fixation, chemical maceration, and physical clearing. Some recipes even contain a macerating agent, which proceeds with its destructive work. We provide permeability data for oxygen and water vapor of several polymers contained in mounting media and coverslip seals. Calculation of the penetration rate of moisture in one example reveals that water molecules reach a specimen within a few days up to about a month; this lays to rest extensive discussions about the permanent protection of a mounted specimen by a mounting medium and a coverslip seal. Based on the ever growing evidence of the unsuitable composition and application of many, and possibly almost all, mounting media, we strongly encourage changing the perspective on microscope slides from immediate usability and convenience of preparation towards durability and reversibility, concepts taken from conservation sciences. Such a change has already been suggested by Upton (1993) more than 20 years ago for gum-chloral media, but these media are still encouraged nowadays by scientists. Without a new perspective, taxonomic biology will certainly lose a large amount of its specimen basis for its research within the next few decades. Modern non-invasive techniques like Raman spectroscopy may help to identify mounting media and coverslip seals on a given slide as well as to understand ageing of the media. An outlook is given on potential future studies. In order to improve the situation of existing collections of microscope slides, we transfer concepts as per the Smithsonian Collections Standards and Profiling System, developed for insect collections more than 25 years ago, to collections of slides. We describe historical and current properties and usage of glass slides, coverslips, labels, and adhesives under conservational aspects. In addition, we summarize and argue from published and our own experimental information about restorative procedures, including re-hydration of dried-up specimens previously mounted in a fluid medium. Alternatives to microscope slides are considered. We also extract practical suggestions from the literature concerning microscope equipment, cleaning of optical surfaces, health risks of immersion oil, and recent improvements of temporary observation media especially in connection with new developments in digital software.

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Section: Gluementioning

confidence: 99%

Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations

Neuhaus

Schmid

Riedel

2017

Zootaxa

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“…The use of HPC individually or as a mixture with 0.25% ZnO NPs did not affect the pH of the papyrus samples that were treated with it (Fig. 9) (Gill and Boersma 1997).…”

Section: Ph Measurementmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The FTIR results supported the results of mechanical measurements. The intensity of CH2 stretching band, which refers to the crystallinity index of cellulose (Gill and Boersma 1997), was increased with the use of 2% HPC loaded ZnO NPs, which explain the improvement in mechanical properties. This is because the nanostructures contain mineral particles, which improve the mechanical properties (El-Feky et al 2014).…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Consequently, this study used hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as a loading material for ZnO NPs in the process of consolidation for the papyrus. The most important property of HPC is its solubility in water and polar solvents, and it is used to strengthen fragile and weak materials (Martin et al 2011) and as an adhesive (Gill and Boersma 1997). It was subjected to acid hydrolysis and can be made alkaline to a pH of 6 to 8 with ammonium hydroxide, such that it can protect water-soluble colors (Hamburg 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydroxypropyl cellulose loaded with ZnO nanoparticles for enhancing the mechanical properties of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.) strips

Hassan

Mahmoud

Nessem

et al. 2021

BioRes

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Unfortunately, papyrus has not been sufficiently studied regarding improvement of the mechanical or optical properties, which degrade under the impact of aging factors over time. The aims of this research were studying the effects of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) loaded with 0.25% of ZnO nanoparticles (NP) at different concentrations (1% and 2%) on papyrus sheet properties before and after aging. Various analyses were used, such as visual assessment by a universal serial bus (USB) digital microscope, mechanical properties, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, color change, and pH measurement. A dramatic increase in mechanical properties was observed after treatment. Besides, FTIR illustrated increasing of CH2 and OH stretching, which contribute to increasing the cellulose crystallinity index. There was no significant change in pH values after treatment or ageing. Slight changes of optical characteristics were observed for treated samples, after the artificial aging of the treated samples, the mechanical measurements showed that the values of tensile strength and elongation were close to the values of the standard sample, which may contribute to preventive protection of ZnO NP for treated samples from the artificial ageing.

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“…Among these, synthetic polymers have been widely used as consolidating agents [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] and adhesives [16][17][18][19] because of their good mechanical and bonding properties. However, there are some potential problems in the application of synthetic polymers in the conservation and restoration of historic silk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transglutaminase-mediated restoration of historic silk and its ageing resistance

2013

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Introduction: Transglutaminase-mediated polymerization, unlike the traditional restoration methods based on the application of synthetic polymers, has proved to be a potential strategy in the restoration of historic silk. In the present study, the treatment process has been adapted to satisfy the needs of consolidating historic silk fabrics in various cases. Artificially aged (dry thermal ageing) silk samples were restored using this method. The effects of the reaction on silk fibers were investigated by tensile tests, colour difference tests, scanning electron microscopy and FT-IR. The ageing resistance of the restored samples was evaluated.

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Solvent reactivation of hydroxypropyl cellulose (Klucel G^®) in textile conservation: Recent developments

Cited by 13 publications

References 1 publication

Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations

Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations

Hydroxypropyl cellulose loaded with ZnO nanoparticles for enhancing the mechanical properties of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.) strips

Transglutaminase-mediated restoration of historic silk and its ageing resistance

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Solvent reactivation of hydroxypropyl cellulose (Klucel G®) in textile conservation: Recent developments

Cited by 13 publications

References 1 publication

Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations

Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations

Hydroxypropyl cellulose loaded with ZnO nanoparticles for enhancing the mechanical properties of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.) strips

Transglutaminase-mediated restoration of historic silk and its ageing resistance

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Solvent reactivation of hydroxypropyl cellulose (Klucel G^®) in textile conservation: Recent developments