The specific capacitance
and energy density of antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3)@carbon supercapacitors (SCs) have been limited and are in need
of significant improvement. In this work, Sb2S3 nanoparticles were selectively encapsulated or anchored in a sulfur-doped carbon (S-carbon) sheet depending
on the use of microwave-assisted synthesis. The microwave-triggered
Sb2S3 nanoparticle growth resulted in core–shell
hierarchical spherical particles of uniform diameter assembled with
Sb2S3 as the core and an encapsulated S-carbon
layer as the shell (Sb2S3-M@S-C). Without the
microwave mediation, the other nanostructure was found to comprise
fine Sb2S3 nanoparticles widely anchored in
the S-carbon sheet (Sb2S3-P@S-C). Structural
and morphological analyses confirmed the presence of encapsulated
and anchored Sb2S3 nanoparticles in the carbon.
These two materials exhibited higher specific capacitance values of
1179 (0 to +1.0 V) and 1380 F·g–1 (−0.8
to 0 V) at a current density of 1 A·g–1, respectively,
than those previously reported for Sb2S3 nanomaterials
in considerable SCs. Furthermore, both materials exhibited outstanding
reversible capacitance and cycle stability when used as SC electrodes
while retaining over 98% of the capacitance after 10 000 cycles,
which indicates their long-term stability. Furthermore, a hybrid Sb2S3-M@S-C/Sb2S3-P@S-C device
was designed, which delivers a remarkable energy density of 49 W·h·kg–1 at a power density of 2.5 kW·kg–1 with long-term cycle stability (94% over 10 000 cycles) and
is comparable to SCs in the recent literature. Finally, a light-emitting
diode (LED) panel comprising 32 LEDs was powered using three pencil-type
hybrid SCs in series.