Somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-5) on inhibitory interneurons in the barrel cortex

Abstract

Inhibitory interneurons in the cerebral cortex contain specific proteins or peptides characteristic for a certain interneuron subtype. In mice, three biochemical markers constitute non-overlapping interneuron populations, which account for 80-90% of all inhibitory cells. These interneurons express parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST), or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). SST is not only a marker of a specific interneuron subtype, but also an important neuropeptide that participates in numerous biochemical and signalling pathways in the brain via somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-5). In the nervous system, SST acts as a neuromodulator and neurotransmitter affecting, among others, memory, learning, and mood. In the sensory cortex, the co-localisation of GABA and SST is found in approximately 30% of interneurons. Considering the importance of interactions between inhibitory interneurons in cortical plasticity and the possible GABA and SST co-release, it seems important to investigate the localisation of different SSTRs on cortical interneurons. Here, we examined the distribution of SSTR1-5 on barrel cortex interneurons containing PV, SST, or VIP. Immunofluorescent staining using specific antibodies was performed on brain sections from transgenic mice that expressed red fluorescence in one specific interneuron subtype (PV-Ai14, SST-Ai14, and VIP-Ai14 mice). SSTRs expression on PV, SST, and VIP interneurons varied among the cortical layers and we found two patterns of SSTRs distribution in L4 of barrel cortex. We also demonstrated that, in contrast to other interneurons, PV cells did not express SSTR2, but expressed other SSTRs. SST interneurons, which were not found to make chemical synapses among themselves, expressed all five SSTR subtypes.

Global transcriptome profile of the developmental principles of in vitro iPSC-to-motor neuron differentiation

“…In spinal neurons, tachykinins evoke synthesis and release of ACh, histamine, catecholamines, and GABA. We also detected differential expression of the somatostatin receptor ( SSTR1 ) indicating that the mature MN population can secrete neurotransmitters [ 34 ]. The glucocorticoid receptor ( NR3C1 ) was upregulated in MNPs and MNs and two new classes of neuroactive receptors were upregulated in the last stage of MN maturation: hypocretin/orexin ( HCRTR2 ) and prostaglandin E receptor 4 ( PTGER4 ).…”

Effects of cefuroxime axetil combined with Xingpi Yanger granules on the serum gastrin, motilin, and somatostatin levels in children with upper respiratory tract infection accompanied by diarrhea: results of a randomized trial

“…Xingpi Yanger granules, are a commonly used Chinese medicinal compound preparation for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection in children. This compound has fewer side effects and higher clinical safety than do other drugs and exerts the effects of invigorating the spleen to eliminate dampness, regulating intestinal hormones and enhancing stronger adsorption of pathogenic bacteria, reducing the damage of pathogenic bacteria to the intestinal gastric mucosa to a certain extent, relieving intestinal clinical symptoms, and promoting the treatment of diarrhea (19)(20)(21). Cefuroxime axetil is a cephalosporin antibiotic, and its mechanism of action is to inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall by covalently binding to bacterial transpeptidase, which leads to bacterial death; it can also bind to penicillin to inhibit the formation of the bacterial cross-linking wall in the proliferation phase and kill bacteria in the reproduction phase; therefore, it is often used to treat upper respiratory tract infection caused by various indicates that there were significant differences in the SS levels at T1 between the 2 groups (t=4.544; P<0.000).…”

Loss of the neuronal genome organizer and transcription factor CTCF induces neuronal death and reactive gliosis in the anterior cingulate cortex

“…Then, we used ImageJ to segment the image into RGB channels and selected only the signals necessary for analysis. Images were then used to count neurons, astrocytes and microglial cells as previously described 20‐22 . The number of NeuN‐, GFAP‐, Iba1‐ and CC‐3‐expressing cell was measured manually (for NeuN, GFAP, and Iba1, animal n = 5 and 6 (brain tissues = 10 and 12) in 16 week old control and cKO mice, respectively; for CC‐3, animal n = 7 and 8 (brain tissues = 14 and 16) in 16 week old control and cKO mice, respectively; ; for NeuN and GFAP, animal n = 8 and 9 (brain tissues = 16 and 18) in over 20 week old control and cKO mice, respectively; for iba1, animal n = 7 (brain tissues = 14) in each of over 20 week old control and cKO mice; for CC‐3, animal n = 7 (brain tissues = 17) in each of over 20 week old control and cKO mice).…”