Somatosympathetic reflexes: afferent fibers, central pathways, discharge characteristics.

Sato, Akio; Schmidt, Robert F.

doi:10.1152/physrev.1973.53.4.916

Cited by 481 publications

(149 citation statements)

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“…LH neurons are thus involved in controlling arterial responses evoked by stimuli symbolizing pain, but are not involved in the control of MAP responses evoked by direct activation of pain pathways. This observation is consistent with other findings suggesting that the somatosympathetic reflex evoked by painful stimuli is mediated by circuits below the midbrain (Sato and Schmidt, 1973). the expression of conditioned fear behavior suggests that this caudal region is the destination of the fiber system projecting through the rostra1 CG.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear

et al. 1988

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The purpose of the present study was to determine whether lesions of areas projected to by the central amygdaloid nucleus (ACE) would disrupt the classical conditioning of autonomic and/or behavioral emotional responses. The areas studied included 3 projection targets of the ACE: the lateral hypothalamic area (LH), midbrain central gray (CG) region, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Lesions were made either electrolytically or by microinjection of ibotenic acid, which destroys local neurons without interrupting fibers of passage. Two weeks later, the animals were classically conditioned by pairing an acoustic stimulus with footshock. The next day, conditioned changes in autonomic activity (increases in arterial pressure) and emotional behavior (“freezing,” or the arrest of somatomotor activity) evoked by the acoustic conditioned stimulus (CS) were measured during extinction trials. Electrolytic and ibotenic acid lesions of the LH interfered with the conditioned arterial pressure response, but did not affect conditioned freezing. Electrolytic lesions of the rostral CG disrupted conditioned freezing but not conditioned changes in arterial pressure. Ibotenic acid injected into the rostral CG reduced neither the arterial pressure nor the freezing response. Injection of ibotenic acid in the caudal CG, like electrolytic lesions of the rostral CG, disrupted the freezing, but not the arterial pressure response. Injection of ibotenic acid into the BNST had no effect on either response. These data demonstrate that neurons in the LH are involved in the autonomic, but not the behavioral, conditioned response pathway, whereas neurons in the caudal CG are involved in the behavioral, but not the autonomic, pathway. Different efferent projections of the central amygdala thus appear to mediate the behavioral and autonomic concomitants of conditioned fear.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear

et al. 1988

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“…This course of development supports the view that the smalldiameter afferents and lamina I constitute a cohesive homeostatic afferent system [6,8,9]. The ascending projections of lamina I project strongly to the sympathetic cell columns of the thoracolumbar spinal cord, thus forming a spino-spinal loop for somato-autonomic and visceraautonomic reflexes [10,11]. Next, they project to the main homeostatic integration sites in the brainstem.…”

Section: Afferent Pathwayssupporting

confidence: 75%

Nociception and autonomic nervous system

et al. 2013

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The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines pain as ''an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage''. Pain may also be experienced in absence of noxious stimuli and together with temperature and other bodily feelings constitute the interoception redefined as the sense of the physiological condition of the entire body, not just the viscera. The main characteristic of these feelings is the affective aspect. Emotion, motivation, and consequent behavior connected with these feelings characterize their homeostatic role. This implies an interaction between neural structures involved in pain sensation and autonomic control. The aim of this review is to focus on pain perception, mainly on pain matrix structures' connections with the autonomic nervous system.

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“…The SU is a branch of the sciatic nerve the stimulation of which has been known to produce a rise in blood pressure and tachycardia via the medullary structure (CHAI and WANG, 1968 ;QUEST and GEBBER, 1972). In addition, stimulation of the sciatic nerve or the SU is known to elicit a reflex increase in discharges along the sympathetic nerves off segment (SATO and SCHMIDT, 1973), and this reflex was seen to depend entirely on the medullary mechanism. Stimulation of the SU may of course yield a sympathetic reflex other than circulatory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac Sympathetic Nerves in Rats: Anatomical and Functional Features

Yasunaga

Nosaka

1979

Jpn.J.Physiol

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1. Anatomical pathways and natures of reflex as well as spontaneous activities of cardiac sympathetic nerves (CNs) were investigated in rats. 2. Anatomically, the stellate CNs on both sides provide a major sympathetic supply to the rat heart with additional contribution of the thoracic CNs on the left side. 3. Functions of these CNs were studied in chloralose-urethane anesthetized and artificially ventilated rats. Electrical stimulation of these CNs produced an increase in heart rate and a rise in blood pressure. The increase in heart rate was more potent on the right-side stimulation, while the rise in blood pressure was greater on the left-side stimulation. 4. Stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve (ADN) inhibited spontaneous discharges of the CN for a longer period as compared with those of the cervical postganglionic sympathetic nerve (CSN). On the other hand, stimulation of the sural nerve produced a longer lasting reflex increase in discharges of the CN as compared with that of the CSN. These findings suggest that cardioregulatory sympathetic outflow is more affected by visceral and somatosensory input than is the other sympathetic outflows. 5. Spontaneous discharges of both nerves showed a rhythmicity associated with heart beats. Although the magnitude of this rhythmicity was not clearly different between these two nerves, the time from bottom to peak firing level of the phasic discharges of the CN was significantly longer than that of the CSN. This finding is consistent with the longer lasting effect of the ADN stimulation on the CN discharges.Since the cardiac nerve (CN) innervates the heart, including the conduction systems, myocardium and coronary arteries, its function can be regarded as purely circulatory and may differ from functions by the other sympathetic nerves. This assumption stems from the view that the activities of different sympathetic nerves show a non-uniform pattern NINOMIYA et al., 1970NINOMIYA et al., , 1971

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Somatosympathetic reflexes: afferent fibers, central pathways, discharge characteristics.

Cited by 481 publications

References 0 publications

Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear

Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear

Nociception and autonomic nervous system

Cardiac Sympathetic Nerves in Rats: Anatomical and Functional Features

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