Some characteristics of the chlorophyllous parenchyma of maize outside the leaf lamina

Antonielli, M.; Lupattelli, M.; Venanzi, G.

doi:10.1016/0304-4211(81)90176-0

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In immature ears, both classes ofhypsophylls are less negative than leaves. These data suggest a significant, age-dependent change in the 653C value of outer hypsophylls of maize, perhaps indicative of photosynthetic CO2 fixation via the C3 pathway, as suggested by anatomical and biochemical observations (1,13 The low rate of C02 fixation in air in the most active hypsophylls (0.71 smol m-2 s-') is stimulated by lowering 02 concentration to 2% (1.03 ,umol m-2 s-'), as observed earlier (13). Stomatal conductance is very high and the transpiration ratios of hypsophylls are high (1500-4000 mol H20 mol-' C02) under the conditions used in our experiments.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 58%

“…Recent studies of the patterns of mesophyll and bundle sheath cell development in C4 plants indicate that leaf-like structures may differ markedly in the functionality ofC4 photosynthesis (15). In particular, the outer hypsophylls (the outer husk leaves) of the maize ear show anatomical and other properties indicating the significant participation of C3 photosynthesis during CO2 fixation (1,2,13 6' 3C values, calculated as described previously (8). Dual working standards from two batches of cellulose (Sigma) differing by 0.5%o were included between each 10 analyses.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Autotrophy in Maize Husk Leaves

Yakir

Osmond²,

Giles³

1991

Plant Physiol.

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The natural abundance of carbon and hydrogen isotopic composition, expressed as a 613C value of plant dry matter and cellulose in the hypsophylls (husk leaves) of maize (Zea mays L.) was measured and compared with that of leaves and cobs. The 613C values of outer hypsophylls were usually 2 to 3%o more negative than leaves or other tissues, and became more negative with increasing chlorophyll content, indicating significant local C3 pathway fixation of CO2 in the outer hypsophylls. The The anatomical, physiological, and biochemical properties of photosynthesis in normal, fully developed leaves of C4 plants are now well established (7,10,11). Seedling maize leaves show evidence for C3 photosynthesis during early development (4, 16), and analyses of S13C values have revealed that leaf4 is the first to be entirely autotrophic (5, 6). Sasakawa et al. (18) found gradients of about 1%o in the 5'3C value along leaf 4 of maize, which correlate with the amount of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and Rubisco, and presumably reflect small differences in the effectiveness of C4 biochemistry during development. Recent studies of the patterns of mesophyll and bundle sheath cell development in C4 plants indicate that leaf-like structures may differ markedly in the functionality ofC4 photosynthesis (15). In particular, the outer hypsophylls (the outer husk leaves) of the maize ear show anatomical and other properties indicating the significant participation of C3 photosynthesis during CO2 fixation (1, 2, 13). We report evidence from stable isotope analyses that ' The 613C value of plant organic matter was measured at Duke University using an automated combustion system (Elemental Analyzer model NA1500; Carlo Erba, Milan, Italy) connected via an automated trapping system to a mass spectrometer (SIRA-Series 2; VG Instruments, Middlewich, England). Small segments (approximately 5 mm2) were excised from these tissues and analyzed, sometimes without further drying or preparation. Measurements were made using standardized CO2 (OZTECH, Dallas, TX) calibrated against NBS Pee Dee Beleminite and expressed as 6' 3C values, calculated as described previously (8). Dual working standards from two batches of cellulose (Sigma) differing by 0.5%o were included between each 10 analyses. Internal precision of individual measurements was ±0.03%o.The 613C value and AD value of cellulose from maize leaves and cobs was measured after purification and nitration, as described by Yakir and DeNiro (20), using a manually operated mass spectrometer Finnigan Instruments Inc.). RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIt is well known that the 6 3C value of leaves reflects the pathway of carboxylation in photosynthesis and response to stomatal conductance during CO2 fixation (8, 9). In succulents with CAM, the 613C value reflects the contributions of both phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and Rubisco to net CO2 fixation (8). Hybridization studies with Flaveria show S'3C values that vary according to the development of C3, C4, and C3/C4 intermediate pathways (3). The o...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 58%

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confidence: 99%

Autotrophy in Maize Husk Leaves

Yakir

Osmond²,

Giles³

1991

Plant Physiol.

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“…For this example, we will consider a metabolically complex tissue such as the corn hypsophyll (husk). Plant anatomists noted that the hypsophyll does not possess the normal Kranz anatomy expected of this C4 plant (Antonielli Lupattelli & Venanzi 1981). Immunolocalization of Rubisco, malic enzyme and pyruvate Pi dikinase confirmed the complexity of the metabolic system of this tissue (Langdale et al 1988).…”

Section: Incorporation Of Hydrogen Isotopes Into Plant Carbohydratesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Variations in the natural abundance of oxygen‐18 and deuterium in plant carbohydrates

Yakir

1992

Plant Cell & Environment

313

188

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Variations in the natural abundance of ^°0 and ^H in plant cellulose are influenced by the isotopic composition of the water directly involved in metabolism-^the metabolic water fraction. The isotopic distinction between the metabolic source water and total tissue water must reflect the formation of isotopic gradients within the tissue that are influenced by the rate of water turnover, by properties of the water conducting system and by environmental conditions, it seems that the ^^O abundance in the metabolic water is conserved in cellulose with a relatively constant isotope effect. The relationship of the ^H abundance between metabolic water and cellulose is more complex. Hydrogen incorporated into photosynthetic products during primary reduction steps is highly depleted in ^H. However, a large proportion of these hydrogens are subsequently replaced by exchange with water, leading to ^H enrichment during heterotrophic metabolism. Deciphering the oxygen isotope ratio of cellulose could help in providing insights into the carbon and oxygen fluxes exchanged between plants and the atmosphere. This is because the ^^O abundance in cellulose records the ^°0 abundance in the metabolic water, which in turn, controls the oxygen isotopic signatures of the CO2 and O2 released by plants into the atmosphere. The hydrogen isotope effects associated with carbohydrate metabolism provide insights into the autotrophic state of a plant tissue. This is because the hydrogen isotope ratio of carbohydrates must reflect the net effects of the two opposing isotope effects associated with photosynthesis and heterotrophic metabolism. NTRODUCTIONThe isotopic composition of precipitation recorded in different habitats provides the first level of control over

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“…In some chlorophyllous organs other than the leaf blade of maize (Antonielli and Venanzi 1979;Antonielli et al 1981;Langdale et al 1988) and Panicum maximum (Fladung and Hesselbach 1987), Kranz anatomy and the C 4 pattern of cellular expression of photosynthetic enzymes are largely disorganized. By contrast, our study demonstrated that Arundinella hirta maintains the C 4 pattern of cellular enzyme expression in the chlorophyllous organs much more compared with those of maize and P. maximum.…”

Section: Cellular Expression Patterns Of Photosynthetic Enzymes In Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As far as we know, this subject has been investigated in detail only in maize. In maize, Kranz anatomy and the NADP-ME-type specific chloroplast dimorphism between the MCs and BSCs are missing in the rachis and hypsophylls (Antonielli and Venanzi 1979) and in the stem, leaf sheath, and ligule (Antonielli et al 1981). On the other hand, Langdale et al (1988) reported differentiation of the two cell types in various organs of maize, but noted that the pattern of enzyme expression differs among the organs depending on the spacing of the veins: proper C 4 pattern expression occurred in the leaf sheath and glume, but not in the husk leaf, prophyll, or coleoptile.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Structure and enzyme expression in photosynthetic organs of the atypical C4 grass Arundinella hirta

Wakayama

Ohnishi

Ueno

2006

Planta

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In its leaf blade, Arundinella hirta has unusual Kranz cells that lie distant from the veins (distinctive cells; DCs), in addition to the usual Kranz units composed of concentric layers of mesophyll cells (MCs) and bundle sheath cells (BSCs; usual Kranz cells) surrounding the veins. We examined whether chlorophyllous organs other than leaf blades-namely, the leaf sheath, stem, scale leaf, and constituents of the spike-also have this unique anatomy and the C 4 pattern of expression of photosynthetic enzymes. All the organs developed DCs to varying degrees, as well as BSCs. The stem, rachilla, and pedicel had C 4 -type anatomy with frequent occurrence of DCs, as in the leaf blade. The leaf sheath, glume, and scale leaf had a modified C 4 anatomy with MCs more than two cells distant from the Kranz cells; DCs were relatively rare. An immunocytochemical study of C 3 and C 4 enzymes revealed that all the organs exhibited essentially the same C 4 pattern of expression as in the leaf blade. In the scale leaf, however, intense expression of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (Rubisco) occurred in the MCs as well as in the BSCs and DCs. In the leaf sheath, the distant MCs also expressed Rubisco. In Arundinella hirta, it seems that the ratio of MC to Kranz cell volumes, and the distance from the Kranz cells, but not from the veins, affects the cellular expression of photosynthetic enzymes. We suggest that the main role of DCs is to keep a constant quantitative balance between the MCs and Kranz cells, which is a prerequisite for effective C 4 pathway operation.

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Some characteristics of the chlorophyllous parenchyma of maize outside the leaf lamina

Cited by 11 publications

References 19 publications

Autotrophy in Maize Husk Leaves

Autotrophy in Maize Husk Leaves

Variations in the natural abundance of oxygen‐18 and deuterium in plant carbohydrates

Structure and enzyme expression in photosynthetic organs of the atypical C4 grass Arundinella hirta

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