Some effects of position on opinion survey items.

Kraut, Allen I.; Wolfson, Alan D.; Rothenberg, Alan S.

doi:10.1037/0021-9010.60.6.774

Cited by 52 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Consistent with the present findings, Herzog and Bachrnan (1981) and Kraut, Wolfson, and Rothenberg (1975) found that when respondents were asked to rate a series of objects on the same scale, some people rated them all identically. This response pattern was found to be more common when a set of rating questions appeared at the end of a long questionnaire as compared to at the beginning, which suggests that nondifferentiation may be a response strategy that respondents utilize when they become fatigued.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

A Test of the Form-Resistant Correlation Hypothesis: Ratings, Rankings, and the Measurement of Values

Krosnick

Alwin

1988

Public Opinion Quarterly

180

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A number of researchers have argued that ranking techniques are more appropriate than rating methods for the measurement of values in surveys. The form-resistant correlation hypothesis proposes that observed associations among values and between values and other variables should remain invariant across measurement methods. However, some recent research on parental values for child qualities suggests that ratings and rankings produce different correlational results. The present study tests the hypothesis that discrepancies between rating and ranking results are due to the fact that, when responding to rating questions, some respondents avoid making difficult choices between valued qualities by rating all the qualities as highly and equally desirable. Consistent with this hypothesis, when nondifferentiating respondents are removed from the analyzed sample, the substantive results of analyses of rating data resemble the results typically obtained using ranking data. This suggests that ranking may be the superior method for measuring values.At least since Campbell and Fiske's classic paper (1959) on convergent and discriminant validity, social science methodologists have been aware that different methods of measurement can produce different results as a function of the method itself. More recently,

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

A Test of the Form-Resistant Correlation Hypothesis: Ratings, Rankings, and the Measurement of Values

Krosnick

Alwin

1988

Public Opinion Quarterly

180

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“…The Random Utility Theory [24] stipulates that they will choose the option that provides them with the highest utility, i.e. individual n will pick option i if U ni > U nj.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Health Workers’ Job Preferences to Improve Rural Retention in Timor-Leste: Findings from a Discrete Choice Experiment

et al. 2016

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BackgroundTimor-Leste built its health workforce up from extremely low levels after its war of independence, with the assistance of Cuban training, but faces challenges as the first cohorts of doctors will shortly be freed from their contracts with government. Retaining doctors, nurses and midwives in remote areas requires a good understanding of health worker preferences.MethodsThe article reports on a discrete choice experiment (DCE) carried out amongst 441 health workers, including 173 doctors, 150 nurses and 118 midwives. Qualitative methods were conducted during the design phase. The attributes which emerged were wages, skills upgrading/specialisation, location, working conditions, transportation and housing.FindingsOne of the main findings of the study is the relative lack of importance of wages for doctors, which could be linked to high intrinsic motivation, perceptions of having an already highly paid job (relative to local conditions), and/or being in a relatively early stage of their career for most respondents. Professional development provides the highest satisfaction with jobs, followed by the working conditions. Doctors with less experience, males and the unmarried are more flexible about location. For nurses and midwives, skill upgrading emerged as the most cost effective method.ConclusionsThe study is the first of its kind conducted in Timor-Leste. It provides policy-relevant information to balance financial and non-financial incentives for different cadres and profiles of staff. It also augments a thin literature on the preferences of working doctors (as opposed to medical students) in low and middle income countries and provides insights into the ability to instil motivation to work in rural areas, which may be influenced by rural recruitment and Cuban-style training, with its emphasis on community service.

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“…Krosnick and Alwin (1989), and Rogers and Herzog (1984), found that non-differentiation is more common among respondents with less education. Moreover, many studies have found nondifferentiation to be more common towards the end of a questionnaire than towards the beginning (Coker and Knowles, 1987;Herzog and Bachman, 1981;Knowles, 1988;Neville, 1989a, 1989b;Knowles, Lundeen, and Irwin, 1988;Kraut, Wolfson, and Rothenberg, 1975;Krosnick and Alwin, 1989;Neville Again, Schuman and Presser (1981, p. 172) were reluctant to accept the conclusion that education was related to the effect size in their middle alternative experiments. However, the one experiment for which they reported data completely clearly indicated such a relation.…”

Section: Non-differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys

Krosnick¹

1991

Applied Cognitive Psychology

1,828

1,390

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This paper proposes that when optimally answeringa survey question would require substantial cognitive effort, some respondents simply provide a satisfactory answer instead. This behaviour, called satisficing, can take the form of either (1) incomplete or biased information retrieval and/or information integration, or (2) no information retrieval or integration at all. Satisficing may lead respondents to employ a variety of response strategies, including choosing the first response alternative that seems to constitute a reasonable answer, agreeing with an assertion made by a question, endorsing the status quo instead of endorsing social change, failing to differentiate among a set of diverse objects in ratings, saying 'don't know' instead of reporting an opinion, and randomly choosing among the response alternatives offered. This paper specifies a wide range of factors that are likely to encourage satisficing, and reviews relevant evidence evaluating these speculations. Many useful directions for future research are suggested.

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Some effects of position on opinion survey items.

Cited by 52 publications

References 7 publications

A Test of the Form-Resistant Correlation Hypothesis: Ratings, Rankings, and the Measurement of Values

A Test of the Form-Resistant Correlation Hypothesis: Ratings, Rankings, and the Measurement of Values

Understanding Health Workers’ Job Preferences to Improve Rural Retention in Timor-Leste: Findings from a Discrete Choice Experiment

Response strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys

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