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A nonmetric scaling method was used to test several taxonomies of work motivation. The intercorrelations among the importance ratings of 14 work goals, made by 800 salesmen and 1,800 repairmen were analyzed. A two-space solution was deemed adequate to reflect both the empirical and theoretical interrelationships among the variables. These results were consistent with an intrinsic-extrinsic grouping of the variables, but more complex relationships of motivational variables were also revealed. In particular, Alderfer's tripartite classification and Maslow's five-fold hierarchy were strongly supported by the smallest space analyses for both salesmen and repairmen.

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This study tested the effect of putting opinion survey items in different positions in a questionnaire. Equivalent samples of 284 and 281 employees in an industrial corporation completed similar questionnaires in which the placement of 46 Likert-type items were reversed. Respondents answered with less extreme responses and were slightly more likely to omit replies when items were placed later in a questionnaire. The findings suggest that comparisons of responses to identical items used in different surveys may be misleading if they appeared in a different position or context.