Some effects of stress in the adult on the eggs and larvae of Mytilus edulis L.

Abstract

In previous papers we have shown that high temperature and low food levels result in a decline in the body condition of mussels, Mytilus edulis, which have been kept in the laboratory (Bayne & Thompson, 1970; Gabbott & Bayne, 1973). In spite of the loss of body reserves, M. edulis is able to continue gonad development at an increased rate, when the temperature is above ambient (Gabbott & Bayne, 1973; Bayne, 1975). Although gametogenesis appears to be normal under these conditions, there is evidence that stress in the adult affects subsequent larval development in M. edulis (Bayne, 1972) and in the oyster, Ostrea edulis (Helm, Holland & Stephenson, 1973). In mussels, stress resulted in an increase in abnormal embryonic development during cleavage, gastrulation and development to the first shelled larval stage (Bayne, 1972). In oysters the viability of the larvae, assessed in terms of growth rate and percentage yield of spat, was less in larvae from adults kept at low ration than in larvae from adults kept at high ration. Irrespective of the feeding regime, the viability of the larvae fell as the length of the conditioning period increased, and this was related to a decline in the body condition of the adult oysters. The growth of the larvae in the 96 h period following liberation was significantly correlated with the lipid level in the newly released larvae (Helm, Holland & Stephenson, 1973).

Reproduction and fecundity of the musselmytilus edulis at helgoland (North sea)

“…Other authors estimated the dry weight of M. edulis eggs as 51 ng (Ockelmann, 1965}, 52.5 ng (Bayne et al, 1975) and 47.3 ng (Thompson, 1979), which is in good agreement with my data.…”

Biochemical compounds’ dynamics during larval development of the carpet-shell clam Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758): effects of mono-specific diets and starvation

“…The subsequent exotrophic phase, which leads to larval metamorphosis, depends on the value of the diet provided to promote larval growth (Whyte et al 1990). Both phases are characterized by intense morphogenetic activities, while there is only a small increase in size (Bayne et al 1975). The transition from the endotrophic to the exotrophic phase seems to be gradual; larvae initiate feeding while still using their yolk reserves.…”

Hatchery broodstock conditioning of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus 1758). Part I. Impact of different micro-algae mixtures on broodstock performance

“…Vitellogenesis normally takes place from November to January after which there may be a ''resting'' period until spring when temperatures start to rise and gonad development continues (Bayne et al 1975). During gametogenesis carbohydrate (free sugar) reserves are utilized for gonad development (Gabbot and Bayne 1973;Zandee et al 1980).…”

“…During gametogenesis protein content in the mantle decreases but total amount of proteins in the whole animal can still increase since most of it is stored in non-mantle tissues (Gabbot and Bayne 1973;Bayne et al 1975). In this study we also see a slight increase of protein levels in all treatments, even in the NF group which received only 0.3 9 10 11 algae cells a day, which equals 0.203% of the dry meat weight of the mussels at the beginning of the conditioning period.…”