Some factors controlling the stimulation of sporogony of Theileria parva in its tick vector Rhipicephalus appendiculatus

Young, A. S.; Leitch, B. L.; Mutugi, J.J.

doi:10.1016/0020-7519(84)90018-3

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In the natural life cycle, however, spirochetes must be able to adapt to at least two major temperature environments that are dramatically different, the various developmental stages of ticks and their mammalian hosts. In fact, temperature-modulated protein synthesis (7,22) may be associated with maturation of spirochetes in ticks and provides the initial signal for dissemination of tick-associated pathogens (8,19,35,36). Similarly, the effect of heat-induced proteins by such ticks on survival of spirochetes within vector ticks may not be excluded, especially in ticks kept at elevated temperatures for long incubation periods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The course of infection may even be modified by the temperature at which the vector has been reared (14)(15)(16). Changes in ambient temperature affect tick-pathogen relationships in various ways, including release of developmental diapause in the pathogen (8,19,35), protein synthesis in pathogens (7), and stimulation of heat shock proteins in the vector (22). In addition, Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi) did not grow when cultured at temperatures in excess of 37ЊC (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of ambient temperature on competence of deer ticks as hosts for Lyme disease spirochetes

Shih¹,

Telford²,

Spielman³

1995

J Clin Microbiol

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We determined whether the temperature of extrinsic incubation affects the competence of vector ticks as hosts for Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi). Larval Ixodes dammini ticks that had engorged on spirochete-infected C3H mice were incubated continuously at various temperatures, and the gut contents of the resulting nymphs were examined for spirochetes by direct immunofluorescence microscopy. Spirochetes were present in virtually all nymphs kept at 27؇C or less for 6 months, in only 10% of those kept at 33؇C, and in none kept at 37؇C. Spirochetes became undetectable within 8 weeks when nymphs were warmed from 27 to 33؇C beginning at the time of molting. Nymphs became virtually noninfective for mice after incubation at temperatures higher than 27؇C for 2 weeks or longer. We conclude that ambient temperatures in excess of 27؇C are not permissive for transmission of the agent of Lyme disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of ambient temperature on competence of deer ticks as hosts for Lyme disease spirochetes

Shih¹,

Telford²,

Spielman³

1995

J Clin Microbiol

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“…T. parva infection rates and levels declined, but the artificially high infection rates accounted for extended parasite survival (Young et al 1987). Young et al (1979Young et al ( , 1984 showed that by increasing the environmental temperature, sporozoite maturation could be induced prior to feeding on a host. This was only observed in young ticks.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Diseases Caused By Theileria Parva In Eastermentioning

confidence: 99%

Dogmas and misunderstandings in East Coast fever

Dolan¹

1999

Tropical Med Int Health

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SummaryEast Coast fever (ECF) is the most important tick-borne disease in eastern, central and southern Africa and caused an estimated loss of US $186 million in 1989 in the 11 countries where it occurs. It was brought to southern Africa with cattle from Tanzania in 1901 and, over the next 3 years, devastated the cattle that had survived the rinderpest pandemic of the 1890s. Chemical control of ticks using arsenical compounds was introduced in the early 1900s and became the main control measure for both ticks and the diseases they transmit. This method of control has become less reliable over the last 30 years for many reasons, including reduced government spending on livestock and extension, the cost of acaricides, acaricide resistance, poor management of dips and spray races, and poor application of cattle movement control and quarantine. Significant advances in immunization and treatment have been made in the last 30 years, and more robust integrated strategies combining immunization, reduced frequency of chemical control and treatment are being adopted or considered. Throughout its history, ECF has been a source of great anxiety and cost to farmers, and of intense interest to research workers. Many dogmas and misconceptions have become established, some of which still flourish while others took years to demolish. This paper briefly reviews these as well as the history of the disease and explores recent epidemiological findings and their relevance to applying effective control.

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“…This kinetic stage is mobile and will penetrate the 'e' type cell of the salivary gland acinus where it develops in a syncytial manner to form about 40000 sporozoites (Binnington, Young & Obenchain, 1983;Fawcett, Young & Leitch, 1985). This sporogony is stimulated by tick feeding and temperature (Young, Leitch & Omwoyo, 1979;Young, Leitch & Mutugi, 1984;Young, Leitch, Morzaria, Irvin, Omwoyo & de Castro, 1987 d).…”

Section: Theileriosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated control of ticks and tick-borne diseases of cattle in Africa

1988

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The problems caused by tick and tick-borne diseases for livestock particularly cattle on the African continent are described and discussed. The control of ticks and tick-borne diseases must receive high priority in Africa with regard to both research and control application because of their widespread distribution in areas of high livestock potential and productivity. The conventional methods of tick and tick-borne disease control are discussed and are found to be inadequate in the conditions prevailing in Africa. Methods of integrated control are suggested and discussed in light of recent development in control methods and those still under development. Any one of these methods may not be adequate to control the problem on its own but when several of the methods are combined an economic and robust integrated control is likely to result. Encouragement is given to attempt this approach in Africa to solve what must be the largest animal health problem of livestock remaining in the world.

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Some factors controlling the stimulation of sporogony of Theileria parva in its tick vector Rhipicephalus appendiculatus

Cited by 22 publications

References 21 publications

Effect of ambient temperature on competence of deer ticks as hosts for Lyme disease spirochetes

Effect of ambient temperature on competence of deer ticks as hosts for Lyme disease spirochetes

Dogmas and misunderstandings in East Coast fever

Integrated control of ticks and tick-borne diseases of cattle in Africa

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