Some mental processes of the rhesus monkey.

Abstract

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Social transmission of food preferences in adult hooded rats (Rattus norvegicus).

“…However, there are both anecdotal (Cook, Brower, & Alcock, 1969;Gans, 1964;Rothschild & Ford, 1967;Swynnerton, 1942;von Steiniger, 1950) and laboratory (Friese & Lavin, 1978;Jouventin, Pasteur, & Cambefort, 1977;Klopfer, 1957) obser-vations to support the notion that both mammals and birds can learn to avoid unpalatable (and often fatal) food items through their interaction with conspecifics and can overcome previously formed aversions through social learning (Alcock, 1969;Turner, 1964). Because social learning seems to play an important role in the transmission of food-related behaviors, the question arises why so many attempts to demonstrate social learning in the laboratory have been unsuccessful (Brogden, 1942;Bruce, 1941;Cole, 1907;Davis, 1903;Klopfer, 1959Klopfer, , 1961Powell, 1968;Powell, Saundere, & Thompson, 1968;Sexton & Finch, 1967;Sheperd, 1910Sheperd, , 1911Sheperd, , 1923Small, 1900;Thorndike, 1898;Watson, 1908;Yerkes, 1927) or at best equivocal (Alcock, 1969;Bayroff & Lard, 1944;Corson, 1967;Dawson & Foss, 1965;Hayes & Hayes, 1952;Oldfield-Box, 1970;Small, 1900).…”

The relation of previous experience to insightful problem-solving.

“…It was found that the animal "showed a prompt narrowing down of the field of effort to the right feature of the situation" (namely the door button); but that "this important factor in the process of learning seemed to be accompanied by a complete absence of insight into the mechanical principle involved." Shepherd (14,15) interpreted the behavior of his rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees, and Kinnamanx (8) the behavior of his rhesus monkeys in terms of the trial-and-error theory.…”

On the functions of the cerebrum: The occipital lobes.

“…In a series of experiments on the color discrimination of monkeys, conducted by Dr. W. T. Shepherd (68), under my direction it was found that the animal rapidly learned to discriminate colored objects if the stimuli were of a character to attract and to hold the attention. In most animal experimentation it has been found difficult to get stimuli which will attract the attention of the animal, stimuli which are appreciated by the animal and which will lead to definite reactions.…”