Some of the effective factors in the pathogenesis of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease

Abstract

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma is one of the most fatal tumours to affect the digestive tract and is the eighth most common malignancy worldwide. Gastro‐oesophageal reflux has an important role in the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus. Gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a multifactorial, acid‐peptic disorder that results from the reflux of noxious material from the stomach into the oesophagus. The refluxed material causes the occurrence of oesophageal inflammation which creates a condition that is called reflux oesophagitis. The prevalence of this disease has increased dramatically in recent decades, mostly in the western world, where it affects about 10% to 30% of the population. The aetiology of oesophageal mucosal damage is complicated. Many inflammatory mediators are produced within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but their contributions in pathophysiology and disease pathogenesis have not been well investigated. Despite the protective barrier provided by the oesophageal mucosa, refluxed materials can cause oxidative injury and in?ammatory responses that involve the epithelium and immune cells. The analysing cellular events in gastro‐ oesophageal reflux disease and physiological responses to such conditions are important and necessary for a better grasp of the pathogenesis of GERD and the expansion of new treatments. Therefore, we want to discuss some of the important and key factors of GERD disease in this article.

The Relationship between Serum Total Oxidant Status, Total Antioxidant Status, and Oxidative Stress Index with Severity Levels of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Literature Review

“…Inflammatory mediators are released by damaged and inflamed tissue, which the immune system detects. In addition, endothelial cells create adhesion molecules in reaction to these substances, which adsorb and activate leukocytes, resulting in inflammatory conditions [7], [15].…”

Evaluation of L-fucose and Sialic Acid Levels in Patients With Colorectal Cancer and Control Subject

“…To investigate the biomarkers in a variety of cancers, several markers have been recognized to identify cancers [17,18]. In this regard, it can be noted that in recent years, researchers have concentrated on the DNA damage response in cancer and some of the effective factors in the pathogenesis of the human disease [19,20]. There is increasing evidence to support the measurement of specific biomarkers in biological samples of patients with cancer [21,22].…”

Serum Lipid Profile and Steroid Hormone Levels in Patients With Colorectal Cancer

“…According to the researchers, estrogen provokes the LDL-Ch degradation and decreases the assembled LDL particles oxidation in the endothelium (13). Besides, the hormones, lipids, the expression of genes, proteins, and some biomarkers released by tumors suggested as vital to develop some cancers, and they may play a role in the detection of cancers (14)(15)(16)(17)(18). Therefore, the assessment of multiple markers might overcome and provide better judgment in patients with CRC.…”