Some Roots of Prejudice

Āllport, Gordon W.; Kramer, Bernard M.

doi:10.1080/00223980.1946.9917293

Cited by 365 publications

(205 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The dissociation typically found between implicit and explicit measures of prejudice supports their conceptual distinction (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995). In Experiment 1, this dissociation was represented by the weak relations found between the implicit Semitism rAT and (a) the Anti-Semitism Scale (Allport & Kramer, 1946); and (b) the semantic differential.…”

Section: The Fat Effect Figure 1 Presents Experiments L's Results Sepmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were three self-report attitude measures: a feeling thermometer, a semantic differential, and the Anti-Semitism Scale (Allport & Kramer, 1946). The thermometer measure asked subjects to indicate-separately for the social categories of Christians and Jews-how favorable each category was on a vertical scale labeled at 10 degree intervals from 0 (very cold, or unfavorable) to 99 (very warm, orfiworable).…”

Section: Explicit Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring the Automatic Components of Prejudice: Flexibility and Generality of the Implicit Association Test

Rudman¹,

Greenwald²,

Mellott³

et al. 1999

Social Cognition

237

207

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The Implicit Association Test (JAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) provides a flexible measure of the automatic associations underlying implicit prejudice. Results of three experiments showed strong evidence of implicit prejudices based on religious ethnicity (Jewish vs. Christian), age (young vs. old), and nationality (American vs. Soviet). Subjects responded more rapidly to tasks that obliged association of ingroup tokens to pleasant attributes and outgroup tokens to unpleasant attributes than to ones that obliged the complementary associations. In addition, the findings of three experiments were consistent with the hypothesis that IAT effects are independent of self-reported stimulus fami liarity differences. These results support the construct validity and the generality of the IAT method in implicit prejudice research.

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Section: The Fat Effect Figure 1 Presents Experiments L's Results Sepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Explicit Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the Automatic Components of Prejudice: Flexibility and Generality of the Implicit Association Test

Rudman¹,

Greenwald²,

Mellott³

et al. 1999

Social Cognition

237

207

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Other quotidian examples of perceptually ambiguous social categories include religious affiliation and political party membership. Prior research has revealed that both of these types of group memberships are perceived indirectly-and often surprisingly accuratelyon the basis of facial images (Allport & Kramer, 1946;Rice & Mullen, 2003;Rule, Garrett, & Ambady, 2010). With respect to these types of categorization judgments, we would hypothesize that-as long as perceivers are aware of the stereotypical cues that can be used to make such judgments but their cognitive style leads them to suspect that the cues lack validity-liberals would be more likely than conservatives to make secondary adjustments to their judgments in a nonstereotypical direction.…”

Section: Implications For Other Ambiguous-category Judgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The politics of gaydar: Ideological differences in the use of gendered cues in categorizing sexual orientation.

Stern

West

Jost

et al. 2013

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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In the present research, we investigated whether, because of differences in cognitive style, liberals and conservatives would differ in the process of categorizing individuals into a perceptually ambiguous group. In 3 studies, we examined whether conservatives were more likely than liberals to rely on gender inversion cues (e.g., feminine = gay) when categorizing male faces as gay vs. straight, and the accuracy implications of differential cue usage. In Study 1, perceivers made dichotomous sexual orientation judgments (gay-straight). We found that perceivers who reported being more liberal were less likely than perceivers who reported being more conservative to use gender inversion cues in their deliberative judgments. In addition, liberals took longer to categorize targets, suggesting that they may have been thinking more about their judgments. Consistent with a stereotype correction model of social categorization, in Study 2 we demonstrated that differences between liberals and conservatives were eliminated by a cognitive load manipulation that disrupted perceivers' abilities to engage in effortful processing. Under cognitive load, liberals failed to adjust their initial judgments and, like conservatives, consistently relied on gender inversion cues to make judgments. In Study 3, we provided more direct evidence that differences in cognitive style underlie ideological differences in judgments of sexual orientation. Specifically, liberals were less likely than conservatives to endorse stereotypes about gender inversion and sexual orientation, and this difference in stereotype endorsement was partially explained by liberals' greater need for cognition. Implications for the accuracy of ambiguous category judgments made with the use of stereotypical cues in naturalistic settings are discussed.

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“…In fact, early studies on religion and prejudice show quite the opposite. For instance, Allport and Kramer (1946) found that church members exhibited more racial prejudice than church nonmembers. Stouffer (1955) similarly obtained that frequent religious attendance predicted more intolerance for groups holding different ideologies (e.g.…”

Section: Abstract: Intrinsic Religiosity Religious Fundamentalism Amentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relation Among Intrinsic Religiosity, Religious Fundamentalism and Attitudes Toward Out-Groups in Muslims From Bosnia and Herzegovina

Drače

Efendic

Hadžiahmetović

2016

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The relation between religion and prejudice has been shown in American Christians and Western Europeans, but it is currently unknown whether this effect can be generalized to other religions and cultures. To address this issue we conducted a study in which we assessed the personal religiosity of Muslim students from Bosnia and Herzegovina, who had to report their attitudes toward their in-group, as well as different out-groups. Consistent with prior findings, participants showed explicit preferences toward their own group relative to other religious and non-religious out-groups. As expected, we also found a relation between religiosity and out-group attitudes. Taken together, our results indicate that religiosity is negatively related to tolerance toward specific value-violating out-groups. Thus, we have extended previous findings in a different cultural and religious context.

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Some Roots of Prejudice

Cited by 365 publications

References 7 publications

Measuring the Automatic Components of Prejudice: Flexibility and Generality of the Implicit Association Test

Measuring the Automatic Components of Prejudice: Flexibility and Generality of the Implicit Association Test

The politics of gaydar: Ideological differences in the use of gendered cues in categorizing sexual orientation.

The Relation Among Intrinsic Religiosity, Religious Fundamentalism and Attitudes Toward Out-Groups in Muslims From Bosnia and Herzegovina

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