Some ultrastructural effects of persistent infections by the rickettsia Coxiella burnetii in mouse L cells and green monkey kidney (Vero) cells

Burton, P R; Stueckemann, J; Welsh, Raymond M.; Paretsky, D.

doi:10.1128/iai.21.2.556-566.1978

Cited by 76 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Continuous cell lines including Vero and L929 cells are very useful in the growth of C. burnetii as they are capable of persistent infection (Burton et al ., ). The difference demonstrated between the two isolates used agreed with previous studies showing a difference in pathogenicity amongst isolates of C. burnetii (Stoenner & Lackman, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Cell culture may be more cost‐effective and time‐efficient than the use of embryonated eggs or animal inoculation. Continuous cell lines such as Vero and L929 cells are useful for growing C. burnetii (Burton et al ., ). Infection does not generally destroy the host cell line, and infected cells have the same cell cycle progression as uninfected cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Comparative sensitivity of four different cell lines for the isolation of Coxiella burnetii

Lockhart

Islam

Fenwick

et al. 2012

FEMS Microbiol Lett

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Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes the disease Q-fever. This is usually diagnosed by serology (immunofluorescence assay) and/or PCR detection of C. burnetii DNA. However, neither of these methods can determine the viability of the bacterium. Four different cell lines were compared for their ability to amplify very low numbers of viable C. burnetii. Two different isolates of C. burnetii were used. For the Henzerling isolate, DH82 (dog macrophage) cells were the most sensitive with an ID (50) (dose required to infect 50% of cell cultures) of 14.6 bacterial copies. For the Arandale isolate, Vero (monkey epithelial) cells were the most sensitive with an ID (50) of less than one bacterium in a 100-μL inoculum. The Vero cell line appeared highly useful as vacuoles could be seen microscopically in unstained infected cells. The findings of this study favour the use of Vero and DH82 tissue culture cell lines for isolation and growth of C. burnetii in vitro. The other cell lines, XTC-2 and L929, were less suitable.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Comparative sensitivity of four different cell lines for the isolation of Coxiella burnetii

Lockhart

Islam

Fenwick

et al. 2012

FEMS Microbiol Lett

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“…Like Legionella, C. burnetii has been shown to replicate within acidic vesicles 66,67 . These Coxiella replication compartments also show some autophagic characteristics, such as labelling with the autophagy-specific marker LC3, as well as lysosomal and late endosomal markers 34,66,[68][69][70][71] . Expression of a dominant-negative form of Rab7 altered the size and number of these Coxiella-containing compartments, consistent with a role for lysosomal fusion in their maturation 34 .…”

Section: Bacterial Subversion Of the Autophagic Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular autophagy: surrender, avoidance and subversion by microorganisms

2004

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Intracellular bacteria and viruses must survive the vigorous antimicrobial responses of their hosts to replicate successfully. The cellular process of autophagy -in which compartments bound by double membranes engulf portions of the cytosol and then mature to degrade their cytoplasmic contents -is likely to be one such host-cell response. Several lines of evidence show that both bacteria and viruses are vulnerable to autophagic destruction and that successful pathogens have evolved strategies to avoid autophagy, or to actively subvert its components, to promote their own replication. The molecular mechanisms of the avoidance and subversion of autophagy by microorganisms will be the subject of much future research, not only to study their roles in the replication of these microorganisms, but also because they will provide -as bacteria and viruses so often have -unique tools to study the cellular process itself. DAUER An arrested stage inCaenorhabditis elegans development that can be formed in conditions of starvation or overcrowding. Cellular autophagy involves the sequestration of regions of the cytosol within double-membrane-bound compartments that then mature and degrade their cytoplasmic contents. It is a highly regulated process, the components of which have only recently been identified by extensive studies using yeast genetics. Owing to groundbreaking work in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a host of autophagy genes have now been described, the mechanisms of action of many of their products determined and their mammalian and other homologues identified 1 . Department of MicrobiologyIn this review, we will use the notation ATG, the newly adopted nomenclature, for the genes that function in autophagy 2 . There is a substantial body of literature describing studies in which new genetic tools have been used to show that autophagy, its machinery or both are required for many aspects of cellular function and organismal development. For example, human beclin1, a homologue of yeast ATG6, has been shown to be a tumour-suppressor gene 3 . Starvation responses also require autophagy: DAUER formation in Caenorhabditis elegans requires functional beclin1 (REF. 4) and the survival of Dictyostelium discoideum during nitrogen starvation requires functional homologues of yeast ATG5 and ATG7 (REF. 5). Furthermore, in both Arabidopsis thaliana 6,7 and C. elegans 4 , wild-type autophagy genes are required to prevent premature senescence.One attractive hypothesis is that the degradation of cytosolic structures by autophagy might have a general role in 'clearing away' intracellular pathogens. Observations of intracellular viruses and bacteria within multivesicular bodies have often been reported from electron-microscopy (EM) studies 8 . In addition, an unexplained phenomenon known as hepatic 'purging' is seen in hepatitis-B-infected chimpanzees. As many as 75% of the hepatic cells in these infected animals were shown to contain viral proteins at 10 weeks postinfection, but proved to be virus-free, in the absence of extensive cell de...

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“…Most evidence supports the idea that C. burnetii resides in a PV with characteristics of a secondary lysosome. Lysosomal markers acquired by the Coxiella PV include 5′‐nucleotidase (Burton et al ., 1971), acid phosphatase (Burton et al ., 1978; Akporiaye et al ., 1983; Heinzen et al ., 1996; Howe and Mallavia, 2000), cathepsin D (Heinzen et al ., 1996; Ghigo et al ., 2002), vacuolar type H + ATPase (Heinzen et al ., 1996; Ghigo et al ., 2002), Rab7 (Beron et al ., 2002; Ghigo et al ., 2002), CD63 (Ghigo et al ., 2002), and two predominant lysosomal glycoproteins (LAMP‐1; LAMP‐2) (Heinzen et al ., 1996; Ghigo et al ., 2002). The PV also acidifies to a pH of approximately 4.8 which activates the metabolism of C. burnetii (Hackstadt and Williams, 1981; Akporiaye et al ., 1983; Maurin et al ., 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maturation of the Coxiella burnetii parasitophorous vacuole requires bacterial protein synthesis but not replication

et al. 2003

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SummaryThis study examined whether protein synthesis and replication are required for maturation and fusogenicity of the lysosomal-like, large and spacious parasitophorous vacuole (PV) of Coxiella burnetii , an obligate intracellular bacterium. Large and spacious PV with multiple non-replicating C. burnetii were observed by phase microscopy in Vero cells infected at a multiplicity of infection of ten and treated with a bacteriostatic concentration of nalidixic acid or carbenicillin, antimicrobics that inhibit DNA and cell wall biosynthesis respectively. Conversely, large and spacious PV were not observed in cells treated with a bacteriostatic concentration of the protein synthesis inhibitor chloramphenicol. Rather, fluorescence microscopy of individual cells revealed multiple, acidic PV harbouring a single organism tightly bounded by a LAMP-1 positive vacuolar membrane. These vacuoles homotypically fused to form a large and spacious PV upon removal of the drug. Chloramphenicol also inhibited trafficking of latex beads to large and spacious PV and caused mature PV to collapse. Collectively, these results demonstrate that C. burnetii protein synthesis, but not replication, is required for fusion between nascent C. burnetii PV and latex bead phagosomes, and also for formation and maintenance of large and spacious, replicative PV. However, transit of nascent PV through the endocytic pathway to ultimately acquire lysosomal markers appears to occur irrespective of Coxiella protein synthesis.

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Some ultrastructural effects of persistent infections by the rickettsia Coxiella burnetii in mouse L cells and green monkey kidney (Vero) cells

Cited by 76 publications

References 11 publications

Comparative sensitivity of four different cell lines for the isolation of Coxiella burnetii

Comparative sensitivity of four different cell lines for the isolation of Coxiella burnetii

Cellular autophagy: surrender, avoidance and subversion by microorganisms

Maturation of the Coxiella burnetii parasitophorous vacuole requires bacterial protein synthesis but not replication

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