Sonography of bladder and perivesical abnormalities

Diagnostic Ultrasound of Polypoid Cystitis in Dogs

“…The urinary bladder is superbly suited for ultrasonic evaluation because of the excellent acoustic properties of fluid and its superficial location [2]. Ultrasonography provides an opportunity for a three-dimensional view of the urinary bladder to assess volumetric measurements, size and shape.…”

Sonographic Investigation of Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder in Small Animals

“…Calculi alsQ often change position as the animal position is changed, regardless of whether the stone is calcified. 8 Tumors of the ventral wall can be missed or more difficult to image because they may lie outside the focal zone of the transducer or may be lost due to superficial reverberation artifact. An offset applied between the transducer and abdominal wall may decrease the likelihood of missing a ventral mass.…”

Sonographic demonstration of thickened renal pelvic mucosa/submucosa in mixed Candida infection

“…4 The normal mucosa and submucosa can not be distinguished sonographically as separate from each other or from the underlying tissues. Apparent mucosal thickening was shown pathologically to represent submucosal edema in two of the three cases of allograft rejection reported with this sign.…”

“…Mucosal thickening is well recognized as a sonographic sign of bladder infection3 and has also been recently described as evidence of acute allograft rejection when seen in the renal collecting system. 4 The normal mucosa and submucosa can not be distinguished sonographically as separate from each other or from the underlying tissues. Apparent mucosal thickening was shown pathologically to represent submucosal edema in two of the three cases of allograft rejection reported with this sign.…”