Sorption and desorption of carbamazepine from water by smectite clays

Organic xenobiotics removal in constructed wetlands, with emphasis on the importance of the support matrix

“…The amphiprotic character of silanol and aluminol groups in clays surfaces is responsible for a pH-dependent surface charge in clays (however, water molecules associated with exchangeable cations and clay surfaces may obscure these charged adsorption sites; such effect is dependent on the hydration strength of the exchangeable ions [170][171][172][173][174][175]). Electrostatic interactions with the surface and mechanisms such as cation exchange, cation bridging with the surface, surface complexation, and hydrogen bonding seem to be involved in the capture of ionic and polar species from aqueous media [121][122][123][124][125]176].…”

Mechanisms of removal of three widespread pharmaceuticals by two clay materials

“…Adsorption processes have been regarded as a potentially interesting option to complement existing water and wastewater treatment systems aiming to improve the removal of many organic xenobiotic pollutants, including pharmaceuticals [10,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. However, the selection of the adsorbent materials is crucial, not solely from the perspective of the pollutants removal efficiency but also in regard to its cost.…”

“…Some of the most common types of clay minerals (kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite, vermiculite, sepiolite, bentonite) have already been tested for the removal of a variety of organic micropollutants [16,[21][22][23][24][25]. In addition to the naturally occurring non-processed clay materials, modifications of some clay minerals have also been studied to improve their sorption properties.…”

“…Although adsorption assays targeting pharmaceuticals are less abundant than for other classes of organic pollutants (such as pesticides, PAHs, dyes or phenolic compounds), there is a general perception from the available literature that many clay materials may be effective for the removal of most pharmaceuticals from water [16,[21][22][23][24][41][42][43][44][45][46]. However, not much data is currently available on the use of these two materials, LECA and exfoliated vermiculite in particular, for the latter type of application.…”

A DFT study on the adsorption of benzodiazepines to vermiculite surfaces

“…In recent years, inexpensive widely available materials have been investigated for the selection of efficient adsorbents that can make adsorption processes an attractive solution at reasonable costs. Among some of the adsorbents studied, clay-based materials have received some attention [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] due to their interesting properties such as the high cation exchange capacity, swelling properties, and high specific surface areas. In particular for the treatment of wastewaters, these materials can overcome the limitations of biological processes, as used in conventional wastewater treatment.…”