Sorption and desorption of salinomycin sodium in clay, loamy sand, and sandy soils

Ramaswamy, Jayashree; Prasher, Shiv O.; Patel, R. M.

doi:10.1007/s10661-011-2345-7

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…As an ionophore it can also interact with cations like sodium or calcium during a sorption experiment. The addition of phosphate buffer can extract SAL from soil indicating that also other anions can influence sorption (Ramaswamy et al., ). These influences explain the wide range of reported K oc values in different studies (Table ).…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and efficacy of Sacox® microGranulate (salinomycin sodium) for chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying

Additives¹,

Rychen²,

Aquilina³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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Salinomycin sodium (SAL-Na) is active against certain Gram-positive bacteria, while Gram-negative species are resistant. SAL-Na at the proposed concentration is unlikely to increase shedding of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Campylobacter and or induce resistance and cross-resistance to antimicrobials important in human and animal therapy. SAL-Na is safe for chickens for fattening at 70 mg/kg complete feed, for chickens reared for laying at 50 mg/kg complete feed in the first 12 weeks of life. The simultaneous use of SAL-Na and certain antibiotic drugs (e.g. tiamulin) is contraindicated. SAL-Na is absorbed and extensively metabolised. Metabolites have reduced ionophoric activity. SAL is the marker residue (MR). No residues in eggs are expected. SAL-Na is not genotoxic and not a carcinogen. A NOAEL of 0.5 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day is derived from a cardiovascular study in dogs as well as from a 12-month dog study. Consumer exposure complies with an acceptable daily intake of 0.005 mg SAL/kg bw after 1 h withdrawal. A withdrawal time and maximum residue limits are not considered necessary. SAL-Na from Sacox ® is not an irritant to skin and eyes; it is a potential sensitiser to skin and the respiratory tract. A toxicological risk by inhalation for persons handling the additive cannot be excluded. SAL-Na in feed for chickens will not pose a risk for the aquatic environment. A risk for the terrestrial ecosystem is considered unlikely due to metabolisation and the rapid degradation of SAL in the environment. SAL-Na at a minimum concentration of 50 mg/kg complete feed is an effective coccidiostat for chickens for fattening. This conclusion is extended to chickens reared for laying. SAL-Na in Sacox ® 120 microGranulate and Sacox ® 200 microGranulate is considered bioequivalent with respect to its anticoccidial effect.

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Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and efficacy of Sacox® microGranulate (salinomycin sodium) for chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying

Additives¹,

Rychen²,

Aquilina³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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show abstract

“…Two literature studies were provided to further address adsorption. The first one, (Ramaswamy et al., 2012 ), performed on three soils, clearly deviates from the standard experimental approach for the determination of adsorption coefficients. In particular, the use of methanol as the liquid phase could have had significant effects on the sorption coefficients generated; therefore, the data generated on the sorption of SAL cannot be considered reliable for use in the risk assessment.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 89%

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of salinomycin sodium (Sacox®) for rabbits for fattening (Huvepharma N.V.)

Bampidis,

Azimonti,

Bastos

et al. 2024

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of the coccidiostat salinomycin sodium (Sacox®) for rabbits for fattening. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the use of salinomycin sodium (SAL‐Na) from Sacox® does not raise safety concerns for the target species, consumers, users and the environment with regard to the production strain. In the absence of adequate tolerance studies, the FEEDAP Panel could not conclude on the safety of SAL‐Na from Sacox® for rabbits for fattening. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive is safe for the consumer when it is used at the proposed maximum level of 25 mg SAL‐Na/kg complete feed for rabbits and a withdrawal period of 1 day is respected. The following maximum residue limits (MRL) are proposed for the marker residue compound salinomycin (SAL): 0.2 and 0.03 mg SAL/kg for liver and kidney, respectively. The additive is not irritant to skin and eyes but should be considered a potential dermal and respiratory sensitiser. A risk for inhalation toxicity could not be excluded. The use of the SAL‐Na from Sacox® in feed for rabbits for fattening up to the highest proposed level will not pose a risk for the terrestrial and aquatic compartment and ground water. The risk of secondary poisoning can be excluded for worm‐eating birds and mammals, while it cannot be excluded for fish‐eating birds and mammals. The FEEDAP Panel concludes that SAL‐Na from Sacox® at the minimum concentration of 20 mg SAL‐Na/kg complete feed has the potential to control coccidiosis in rabbits for fattening. Development of resistance to SAL‐Na of field Eimeria spp. strains isolated from rabbits for fattening should be monitored.

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Mobilization of ionophore antibiotics and glyphosate after a rainfall simulation on agricultural soils amended with poultry litter

Navarro

Alonso

Capparelli

et al. 2022

Agricultural Water Management

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Sorption and desorption of salinomycin sodium in clay, loamy sand, and sandy soils

Cited by 6 publications

References 13 publications

Safety and efficacy of Sacox® microGranulate (salinomycin sodium) for chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying

Safety and efficacy of Sacox® microGranulate (salinomycin sodium) for chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of salinomycin sodium (Sacox®) for rabbits for fattening (Huvepharma N.V.)

Mobilization of ionophore antibiotics and glyphosate after a rainfall simulation on agricultural soils amended with poultry litter

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