Sorption of surfactants onto sediment at environmentally relevant concentrations:independent-mode as unifying concept

Abstract

The Independent-Mode model explains observed sorption phenomena of surfactants at low concentrations (Cs→0, Cw→0) to complex sediments better than the Dual-Mode model.

Bioconcentration of Several Series of Cationic Surfactants in Rainbow Trout

“… 11 , 12 As a consequence, there are very few BCF values for surfactants reported in the literature. 13 A review conducted in 2007 concluded that there were no useful BCF data for cationic surfactants at that time, 14 and few data have emerged since. We are aware of just two regulatory dossiers that refer to unpublished BCF studies for didecyldimethylammonium chloride and alkyl(C 12–16 )dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride.…”

“…However, maintaining constant exposure concentrations has proven difficult for cationic surfactants as many of them possess a strong tendency to sorb to surfaces. , As a consequence, there are very few BCF values for surfactants reported in the literature . A review conducted in 2007 concluded that there were no useful BCF data for cationic surfactants at that time, and few data have emerged since. We are aware of just two regulatory dossiers that refer to unpublished BCF studies for didecyldimethylammonium chloride and alkyl­(C 12–16 )­dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride. , Field bioaccumulation factors of long-chain cationic surfactants (C 13 –C 18 ) have been reported in the literature, but to a very limited extent …”

Tissue Distribution of Several Series of Cationic Surfactants in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Following Exposure via Water

“…Near-constant aqueous concentrations (±20% of the mean) during the exposure phase are a requirement for a valid BCF experiment according to OECD 305 guidelines . A review of early BCF studies concluded that there were no useful data for cationic surfactants . The little information that there is on this subject comes largely from regulatory dossiers that refer to unpublished studies conducted to fulfill chemical registration requirements.…”

In Vivo Bioconcentration of 10 Anionic Surfactants in Rainbow Trout Explained by In Vitro Data on Partitioning and S9 Clearance

“… 6 In a second review from 2007, 38 measured BCF values for anionic surfactants representing 10 C 10 –C 13 LASs and 7 perfluoroalkyl acids were judged to be quantitatively reliable. 7 There have since been several other BCF values published for LASs. 8 − 10 Furthermore, BCF values from several unpublished industry studies have been reported, whereby few details are available on the methodology employed.…”

“…However, a review of the available data in 1994 concluded “Most of these data are inappropriate to quantitatively describe the bioconcentration of surfactants because the most frequently used analytical method, LSC without prior chromatographic separation of radiolabeled compounds, does not allow to distinguish between the parent compound and metabolites” . In a second review from 2007, 38 measured BCF values for anionic surfactants representing 10 C 10 –C 13 LASs and 7 perfluoroalkyl acids were judged to be quantitatively reliable . There have since been several other BCF values published for LASs. − Furthermore, BCF values from several unpublished industry studies have been reported, whereby few details are available on the methodology employed .…”