“…Notable examples include the ligation of proteins or peptides to fluorophores (Popp et al, 2007; Yamamoto & Nagamune, 2009), carbohydrates (Samantaray, Marathe, Dasgupta, Nandicoori, & Roy, 2008; Wu, Guo, Wang, Swarts, & Guo, 2010), polymers (Parthasarathy et al, 2007; Qi, Amiram, Gao, McCafferty, & Chilkoti, 2013), solid supports (Chan et al, 2007; Le, Raeeszadeh-Sarmazdeh, Boder, & Frymier, 2015; Sinisi et al, 2012), therapeutics (Beerli, Hell, Merkel, & Grawunder, 2015; Fang et al, 2016), lipids (Antos et al, 2008; Wu et al, 2010), nucleic acids (Koussa, Sotomayor, & Wong, 2014; Pritz et al, 2007), metal chelators (Paterson et al, 2014; Westerlund, Honarvar, Tolmachev, & Eriksson Karlström, 2015), viral particles (Hess et al, 2013; Schoonen et al, 2015), live cells (Popp et al, 2007; Shi et al, 2014; Yamamoto & Nagamune, 2009), or even intramolecular ligations for generating cyclic proteins and peptides (Antos et al, 2009b; Jia et al, 2014; van ’t Hof et al, 2015). A full discussion of all relevant applications is beyond the scope of this unit, and we refer to the reader to reviews on this topic (Haridas, Sadanandan, & Dheepthi, 2014; Popp & Ploegh, 2011; Ritzefeld, 2014; Schmohl & Schwarzer, 2014). Furthermore, while this unit does not outline specific procedures for generating each of the conjugates listed here, it should be stressed that most are attainable using simple variations of the Basic and Alternate Protocol outlined above.…”