Sound velocity measurements in spermaceti oil under the combined influences of temperature and pressure

Goold, John C.; Bennell, J. D.; Jones, Sarah E.

doi:10.1016/0967-0637(96)00066-0

Cited by 26 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…On its way through the junk, sound may be focused by the lenticular structures (Møhl, 2001) since fat tissue has lower sound propagation velocities than the intercalated connective tissue of the junk (Malins & Varanasi, 1975;Flewellen & Morris, 1978;Goold et al, 1996). Thus the stack of lenticular fat bodies seems to represent an acoustic pathway along the axis of this system ( Figure 5B).…”

Section: Sound Generation and Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nose of the sperm whale: overviews of functional design, structural homologies and evolution

2014

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The hypertrophic and much elongated epicranial (nasal) complex of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) is a unique device to increase directionality and source levels of echolocation clicks in aquatic environments. The size and shape of the nasal fat bodies as well as the peculiar organization of the air sac system in the nasal sound generator of sperm whales are in favour of this proposed specialized acoustic function. The morphology of the sperm whale nose, including a 'connecting acoustic window' in the case and an anterior 'terminal acoustic window' at the rostroventral edge of the junk, supports the 'bent horn hypothesis' of sound emission. In contrast to the laryngeal mechanism described for dolphins and porpoises, sperm whales may drive the initial pulse generation process with air pressurized by nasal muscles associated with the right nasal passage (right nasal passage muscle, maxillonasolabialis muscle). This can be interpreted as an adaptation to deep-diving and high hydrostatic pressures constraining pneumatic phonation. Comparison of nasal structures in sperm whales and other toothed whales reveals that the existing air sac system as well as the fat bodies and the musculature have the same topographical relations and thus may be homologous in all toothed whales (Odontoceti). This implies that the nasal sound generating system evolved only once during toothed whale evolution and, more specifically, that the unique hypertrophied nasal complex was a main driving force in the evolution of the sperm whale taxon.

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Section: Sound Generation and Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nose of the sperm whale: overviews of functional design, structural homologies and evolution

2014

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“…-1 (Blomberg and Jensen, 1976;Goold et al, 1996;Goold and Clarke, 2000;Litchfield et al, 1979). These studies (except Litchfield et al, 1979) have shown a nonlinear effect due to the phase change of the oils near body temperature.…”

Section: Properties Of Cuvier's Beaked Whale Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies of the chemical composition of melon acoustic lipids and mandibular fat bodies suggest complex chemical topography associated with acoustic functionality (Blomberg and Lindholm, 1976;Koopman et al, 2003;Litchfield et al, 1973;Varanasi et al, 1982). Sound speed in melon lipids has been shown to vary with chemical composition and topography in the melon (Blomberg and Jensen, 1976;Blomberg and Lindhom, 1976;Flewellen and Morris, 1978;Goold et al, 1996;Goold and Clarke, 2000;Litchfield et al, 1973Litchfield et al, , 1979Norris and Harvey, 1974;Varanasi et al, 1982). Sound speed in the tissues surrounding the melon has not been studied.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) head tissues:physical properties and CT imaging

Soldevilla

McKenna

Wiggins

et al. 2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The melon formed a low-density, lowsound-speed core, supporting its function as a sound focusing organ. Hounsfield unit (HU) values from CT Xray imaging are correlated with density and sound speed values, allowing HU values to be used to predict these physical properties. Blubber and connective tissues have a higher elastic modulus than acoustic fats and melon, suggesting more collagen structure in blubber and connective tissues. Blubber tissue elastic modulus is nonlinear with varying stress, becoming more incompressible as stress is increased. These data provide important physical properties required to construct models of the sound generation and reception mechanisms in Ziphius cavirostris heads, as well as models of their interaction with anthropogenic sound.

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“…Various automated methods have been explored for estimating the nominal IPI, but cepstral analysis 25 has been used in several published papers, 20,23,26 under the assumption that a click can be modeled as a convolution of a "source" and a "reflection" function. Teloni et al 20 showed that aspect-dependent features of the IPI estimates could be effectively removed by averaging a large number of cepstra derived from clicks recorded during an animal's foraging dive, during which the animal presumably presents a wide variety of orientations with respect to the recording hydrophone, thus permitting aspect-dependent features of the clicks to be averaged down and the nominal IPI to be enhanced.…”

Section: ͒mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once the click samples from the camera sequence were isolated, the IPI was then extracted from each time sample using two different methods: an incoherent peak detection method, applied to the Hilbert transform of the signal, and via the signal cepstrum, 26 which presumes that the click can be expressed as the convolution between a scattering/ reflection function and an impulsive "excitation" function.…”

Section: Audio Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) click structure and size derived from videocamera images of a depredating whale (sperm whale prey acquisition)

Mathias

Thode

Straley

et al. 2009

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Folkert. Relationship between sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) click structure and size derived from videocamera images of a depredating whale (sperm whale prey acquisition). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America, 2009America, , pp.3444-3453. 10.1121 Relationship between sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) click structure and size derived from videocamera images of a depredating whale (sperm whale prey acquisition) Sperm whales have learned to depredate black cod ͑Anoplopoma fimbria͒ from longline deployments in the Gulf of Alaska. On May 31, 2006, simultaneous acoustic and visual recordings were made of a depredation attempt by a sperm whale at 108 m depth. Because the whale was oriented perpendicularly to the camera as it contacted the longline at a known distance from the camera, the distance from the nose to the hinge of the jaw could be estimated. Allometric relationships obtained from whaling data and skeleton measurements could then be used to estimate both the spermaceti organ length and total length of the animal. An acoustic estimate of animal length was obtained by measuring the inter-pulse interval ͑IPI͒ of clicks detected from the animal and using empirical formulas to convert this interval into a length estimate. Two distinct IPIs were extracted from the clicks, one yielding a length estimate that matches the visually-derived length to within experimental error. However, acoustic estimates of spermaceti organ size, derived from standard sound production theories, are inconsistent with the visual estimates, and the derived size of the junk is smaller than that of the spermaceti organ, in contradiction with known anatomical relationships.

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Sound velocity measurements in spermaceti oil under the combined influences of temperature and pressure

Cited by 26 publications

References 7 publications

The nose of the sperm whale: overviews of functional design, structural homologies and evolution

The nose of the sperm whale: overviews of functional design, structural homologies and evolution

Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) head tissues:physical properties and CT imaging

Relationship between sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) click structure and size derived from videocamera images of a depredating whale (sperm whale prey acquisition)

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