Source apportionment of PM2.5 and sulfate formation during the COVID-19 lockdown in a coastal city of southeast China

Hong, Youwei; Xu, Xiaopei; Liao, Dan; Zheng, Ronghua; Ji, Xiaoting; Chen, Yanting; Xu, Lingling; Li, Mengren; Wang, Hong; Xiao, Hang; Choi, Sung-Deuk; Chen, Jinsheng

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117577

Cited by 32 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…So far, most of the existing literatures related to the environmental impact of COVID-19 focused on quantifying the concentration change of atmospheric pollutants in the global context ( Bai et al, 2020 ; Deb et al, 2020 ; Le et al, 2020 ; Dang and Trinh, 2021 ; Keola and Hayakawa, 2021 ; Liu et al, 2021c ; Nguyen et al, 2021 ; Smith et al, 2021 ; Venter et al, 2020 ), countries ( Bao and Zhang, 2020 ; Berman and Ebisu, 2020 ; He et al, 2020 ; Petetin et al, 2020 ; Sharma et al, 2020 ; Shi and Brasseur, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2020 ; Isphording and Pestel, 2021 ), regions ( Li et al, 2020 ; Jiang et al, 2021 ; Ma et al, 2021 ; Sulaymon et al, 2021 ; Xian et al, 2021 ), urban ( Adams, 2020 ; Cameletti, 2020 ; Kanniah et al, 2020 ; Kerimray et al, 2020 ; Kumar, 2020 ; Otmani et al, 2020 ; Zangari et al, 2020 ; Zheng et al, 2020 ; Hong et al, 2021 ; Zhao et al, 2021 ), suburban ( Cui et al, 2020 ; Menut et al, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2020 ; Du et al, 2021 ; Hayakawa and Keola, 2021 ; Páez-Osuna et al, 2021 ), and remote areas ( Mandal and Pal, 2020 ). In the transportation sector, many studies concentrated on road traffic ( Ding et al, 2020 ; Dutheil et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2020 ; Mahato et al, 2020 ; Shehzad et al, 2020 ; Tobías et al, 2020 ; Wang and Su, 2020 ; Xu et al, 2020 ; Chen et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2021 ; Rudke et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WITHDRAWN: Assessment of COVID-19 pandemic effects on ship pollutant emissions in major international seaports

Liu

Law

Duru

2021

Environmental Research

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This study aims to investigate the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic effects and associated restrictive rules on ship activities and pollutant emissions (CO 2 , SO X , NO X , PM, CO, CH 4 ) in four major seaports, namely the Ports of Singapore, Long Beach, Los Angeles, and Hamburg. We used 2019 as the baseline year to show the business-as-usual emission and compared with the estimated quantity during the July 2020–July 2021 pandemic period. We also project future ship emissions from August 2021–August 2022 to illustrate two potential port congestion scenarios due to COVID-19. The results show that the ship emissions in all four ports generally increased by an average of 79% because of the prolonged turnaround time in port. Importantly, majority of ship emissions occurred during the extended hoteling time at berth and anchorage areas as longer operational times were needed due to pandemic-related delays, with increases ranging from 27 to 123% in the total emissions across ports. The most affected shipping segments were the container ships and dry bulk carriers which the total emissions of all pollutants increased by an average of 94–142% compared with 2019. Overall, the results of this study provide a comprehensive review of the ship emission outlook amid the pandemic uncertainty.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WITHDRAWN: Assessment of COVID-19 pandemic effects on ship pollutant emissions in major international seaports

Liu

Law

Duru

2021

Environmental Research

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“…( Tang et al, 2021 ) observed an increased number of particles (100 nm < Da < 698 nm) during the lockdown and proposed that the enhanced intensity of the atmospheric oxidation process promoted secondary particles formation. Other atmospheric studies during the lockdown also observed increased secondary aerosols production due to the high Ox concentrations during the lockdown ( Yadav et al, 2021 ; Hong et al, 2021 ; Huang et al, 2021 ). Therefore, the high proportion of submicron particles during the lockdown might originate from enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity in Hangzhou.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Unexpected rise of atmospheric secondary aerosols from biomass burning during the COVID-19 lockdown period in Hangzhou, China

Gao

Chen

et al. 2022

Atmospheric Environment

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“…3 and Tables S9 and S10 in the Supplement. According to the weather normalization data, compared with those before the lockdown, the concentrations of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 , and CO decreased substantially during the full lockdown, among which the concentrations of PM 10 and NO 2 decreased the most (49.5 % and 49.0 %, respectively), followed by PM 2.5 (47.8 %) (Table S11 in the Supplement), which was closely related to the significant decrease in traffic and construction activities during the full lockdown (Collivignarelli et al, 2021;Hong et al, 2021;. Note that the O 3 concentration increased apparently by 50.8 % during the full lockdown (Table S11), suggesting that the atmospheric oxidation might be enhanced during this period, similar to the study of Chu et al (2021), Ding et al (2021), He et al (2020), and Le et al (2020).…”

Section: Changes In Air Quality After the Covid-19 Lockdownmentioning

confidence: 83%

Dramatic changes in atmospheric pollution source contributions for a coastal megacity in northern China from 2011 to 2020

Liu

Wang

He³

et al. 2022

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Understanding the effectiveness of long-term air pollution regulatory measures is important for control policy formulation. Efforts have been made using chemical transport modelling and statistical approaches to evaluate the efficacy of the Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP; 2013–2017) and the Blue Sky Protection Campaign (BSPC; 2018–2020) enacted in China. Changes in air quality due to reduction in emissions can be masked by meteorology, making it highly challenging to reveal the real effects of control measures. A knowledge gap still existed with respect to how sources changed before and after the CAAP and BSPC were implemented, respectively, particularly in coastal areas where anthropogenic emissions mixed with additional natural sources (e.g. marine aerosol). This work applied a machine-learning-based meteorological normalization approach to decouple the meteorological effects from air quality trend in a coastal city in northern China (Qingdao). Secondly, the relative changes in source contributions to ambient PM2.5 with a ∼ 10-year observation interval (2011–2012, 2016, and 2019) were also investigated. We discovered that the largest emission reduction section was likely from coal combustion as the meteorologically normalized SO2 dropped by ∼ 15.5 % yr−1, and the annual average dispersion-normalized SO42- decreased by ∼ 41.5 %. Change in the meteorologically normalized NO2 was relatively stable (∼ 1.0 % yr−1), and NO3- changed inappreciably in 2016–2019 but was significantly higher than that prior to the CAAP. Crustal dust decreased remarkably after the CAAP began. Industrial emissions, for example, steel-related smelting, decreased after 2016 due to the relocation of steel-making enterprises. Note that vehicle emissions were increased in importance as opposed to the other primary sources. Similar to other megacities, Qingdao is also at risk of increased ozone pollution that in turn facilitates secondary-particle formation in the future. The policy assessment approaches applied in this work also work for other places where air quality management is highly in demand to reduce air pollution.

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Source apportionment of PM2.5 and sulfate formation during the COVID-19 lockdown in a coastal city of southeast China

Cited by 32 publications

References 42 publications

WITHDRAWN: Assessment of COVID-19 pandemic effects on ship pollutant emissions in major international seaports

WITHDRAWN: Assessment of COVID-19 pandemic effects on ship pollutant emissions in major international seaports

Unexpected rise of atmospheric secondary aerosols from biomass burning during the COVID-19 lockdown period in Hangzhou, China

Dramatic changes in atmospheric pollution source contributions for a coastal megacity in northern China from 2011 to 2020

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