Sources, Characteristics, and Management of Produced Waters from Natural Gas Production and Storage Operations

Fillo, J.P.; Koraido, S.M.; Evans, James G.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2902-6_12

Cited by 36 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…These results are presented in Table 5.6 which also provides a comparison of the values to reported literature ranges. The differences in contaminant levels in these produced waters confirms the reported variability of water quality for this type of waste stream Lawrence et al, 1995;Fillo et al, 1992). It also suggests that the selected site has low to moderate levels of salinity, high BTEX concentrations, and low to moderate phenol levels.…”

Section: Produced Water From Bc Technologies Wamsutter Treatment Facisupporting

confidence: 76%

“…In general, offshore oil production generates effluent that is higher in total dissolved solids (TDS) but lower in BTEX concentrations than onshore gas production. Onshore oil production usually results in a water with BTEX and TDS concentrations between those of offshore oil and onshore gas production (Lawrence et al, 1995;Smith et al, 1996;Fillo et al, 1992). The BTEX compounds are the most prevalent volatile compounds found in produced water, but levels of BTEX contamination vary substantially among water samples .…”

Section: Produced Water Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The USEPA Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for BTEX in drinking water and representative concentration ranges of BTEX and TDS are presented in Table 3.1. References: Smith et al, 1996;Lawrence et al, 1995;Fillo et al, 1992 In addition to mineral salts and volatile organic compounds, oil and grease, semivolatile compounds, and metals are also present in produced water. Oil and grease are generally present in small droplets that escape the oil/water separation unit.…”

Section: Produced Water Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treatment of Produced Oil and Gas Waters With Surfactant-Modified Zeolite

Katz¹,

Bowman²,

Sullivan³

2003

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Co-produced water from the oil and gas industry accounts for a significant waste stream in the United States. It is by some estimates the largest single waste stream in the country, aside from nonhazardous industrial wastes. Characteristics of produced water include high total dissolved solids content, dissolved organic constituents such as benzene and toluene, an oil and grease component, and chemicals added during the oilproduction process. While most of the produced water is disposed via reinjection, some must be treated to remove organic constituents before the water is discharged. Current treatment options are successful in reducing the organic content; however, they cannot always meet the levels of current or proposed regulations for discharged water. Therefore, an efficient, cost-effective treatment technology is needed. Surfactantmodified zeolite (SMZ) has been used successfully to treat contaminated ground water for organic and inorganic constituents. In addition, the low cost of natural zeolites makes their use attractive in water-treatment applications.This report summarizes the work and results of this four-year project. We tested the effectiveness of surfactant-modified zeolite (SMZ) for removal of BTEX with batch and column experiments using waters with BTEX concentrations that are comparable to those of produced waters. The data from our experimental investigations showed that BTEX sorption to SMZ can be described by a linear isotherm model, and competitive effects between compounds were not significant. The SMZ can be readily regenerated using air stripping. We field-tested a prototype SMZ-based water treatment system at produced water treatment facilities and found that the SMZ successfully removes BTEX from produced waters as predicted by laboratory studies. When compared to other existing treatment technologies, the cost of the SMZ system is very competitive. Furthermore, the SMZ system is relatively compact, does not require the storage of potentially hazardous chemicals, and could be readily adapted to an automated system. Final Technical ReportContract DE-AC26-99BC15221

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Section: Produced Water From Bc Technologies Wamsutter Treatment Facisupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Produced Water Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Produced Water Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treatment of Produced Oil and Gas Waters With Surfactant-Modified Zeolite

Katz¹,

Bowman²,

Sullivan³

2003

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“…The two major factors influencing the composition of ions (bicarbonate, sulphate, calcium, sodium, and silica) in water resources are geology and precipitation/evaporation ratios (Weber-Scannell and Duffy 2007). Changes in the composition of ions can occur via several anthropogenic sources, such as industrial waste and mining activities and this can increase conductivity (Fillo et al 1992). There was also a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the levels of conductivity.…”

Section: Cyanide Levels In the Fish Samplesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Human health risk assessment of cyanide levels in water and tuber crops from Kenyasi, a mining community in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana

et al. 2017

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Background: Cyanide is among the most harmful substances on Earth and it is harmful to humans and most aquatic life even at low concentrations. Free, total cyanide levels and other physicochemical parameters were determined in fish, cassava, cocoyam, dam and borehole water samples collected from Kenyasi, Ghana. A total of sixteen (16) that the variation in free cyanide levels was significant (p < 0.05) in the fish, cassava, cocoyam, dam and borehole water samples. Moreover, the hazard index results via ingestion and dermal contact with children are >1, including fish ingestion by an adult. This signifies adverse non-carcinogenic risk. The persistent intake of cassava and cocoyam can probably induce adverse health effects. Conclusions: From the results, it can be concluded that fish, cassava and water samples at Dam 4, Dam 7 and BH1 were not safe for consumption since they recorded values higher than the set limits. Therefore, people are advised not to feed on the cassava product, fish and consume water samples located close to Dam 4, Dam 7 and BH1.

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“…The composition of produced water from different sources can vary by order of magnitude. However, produced water composition is qualitatively similar to oil and/or gas production [2,9,10].…”

Section: Characteristic Of Produced Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollution Impact and Alternative Treatment for Produced Water

Hedar

Budiyono²

2018

E3S Web Conf.

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Abstract. Oil and gas exploration and production are two of the activities that potentially cause pollution and environmental damage. The largest waste generated from this activity is produced water. Produced water contains hazardous pollutants of both organic and inorganic materials, so that the produced water of oil and gas production cannot be discharged directly to the environment. Uncontrolled discharge can lead to the environmental damage, killing the life of water and plants. The produced water needs to be handled and fulfill the quality standards before being discharged to the environment. Several studies to reduce the contaminants in the produced water were conducted by researchers. Among them were gravity based separation -flotation, separation technique based on filtration, and biological process treatment. Therefore, some of these methods can be used as an alternative waste handling of produced water.

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Sources, Characteristics, and Management of Produced Waters from Natural Gas Production and Storage Operations

Cited by 36 publications

References 1 publication

Treatment of Produced Oil and Gas Waters With Surfactant-Modified Zeolite

Treatment of Produced Oil and Gas Waters With Surfactant-Modified Zeolite

Human health risk assessment of cyanide levels in water and tuber crops from Kenyasi, a mining community in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana

Pollution Impact and Alternative Treatment for Produced Water

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